The Genital (Reproductive) System Flashcards
Diploid cells have how many chromosomes
46
Haploid cells have how many chromosomes
23
Spermatozoa are produced by
spermatogenesis
Ova are produced by
oogenesis
Special form of cell division that reduce the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to one half of those in the parent cell
meiosis
Any condensed chromatin with its own centromere is defined as
chromosomes
Crossover occurs and daughter cells formed by meiotic division 1 contains half the number of chromosomes occurs in
meiotic division 1
reproduces each of the two cells formed by meiotic division 1 and forms four cells, each still with the haploid number of chromosomes occurs in
meiotic division 2
the process by which primitive male sex cells become transformed into mature sperm is defined as
spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis begins at ______ and continues _____
at puberty; throughout a mans life
the process by which primitive female sex cells become transformed into mature ova is defined as
oogenesis
oogonia reproduces to form primary oocytes during
mitosis
most primary oocytes begin mitosis and develop to prophase 1 ______; they stay there until _____
before birth; puberty
usually how many mature oocytes are enough for ovulation
one
testes and ovaries are gonads and they are _____ organs
essential
genital ducts, glands, and supportive structures in the male are _____ organs
accessory
convey sperm to the outside of the body
genital ducts
produce secretions that serve to nourish, transport, and mature sperm
glands
epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra are all
genital ducts
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands are all
glands
scrotum, penis, spermatic cords are all
supportive structures
urogenital triangle and anal triangle are the two parts of the
perineum
which testes is usually 1 cm lower than the other
left
what sends out partitions that divide each testis into lobules that contain interstitial cells and seminiferous tubules
tunica albuginea
what cells support and regulate developing germ cells and secrete the hormone inhibin
sustentacular cells sertoli cells
releasing hormone in the hypothalamus and follicle stimulating hormone in the anterior pituitary (slows down sperm production if needed)
inhibits gonadotropin
what hormone regulates metabolism, promotes maleness, is controlled by gonadotropic hormones in the APG, and works on a negative feedback loop
testosterone
what hormone is produced by sustentacular cells, controls sperm production rate
inhibin
what hormone stimulates sperm production
follicle-stimulating hormone
what hormone stimulates testosterone production
luteinizing hormone
if there is less follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and less luteinizing hormone (LH) there will be less
testosterone
what part of sperm is covered by acrosomes that contains enzymes that will break down cervical mucus which will allow sperm to pass into the uterus
head
what part of sperm contains the mitochondria which provides energy for sperm locomotion
midpiece
what part of sperm twirls to allow locomotion
tail
the 2 epididymis, 2 vas deferens, 2 ejaculatory ducts, and 1 urethra are all
reproductive ducts
the epididymis store sperm for how long
1-3 weeks
what duct extends from the tail of the epididymis to the join the duct from the seminal vesicle and has thick muscular walls
vas deferens
what is the procedure that severs or clamps the vas deferens
vasectomy
what is located posterior to the bladder and secretes a liquid that makes up 60% of the semen
seminal vesicle
what lies just below the bladder and secretes a watery, milky, slightly acidic fluid
prostate gland
what is the most common nonskid type of cancer in American men
prostate cancer
what gland is like little peas found in the muscle of the pelvic floor and secretes an alkaline (basic) fluid
bulbourethral gland
what is the skin-covered pouch suspended from the perineal region
scrotum
what is the external separation ridge of the scrotum
raphe
what is the internal separation of the testes
scrotal septum
what is just below the skin of the scrotum and contracts for slight elevation of the testes
dartos muscle/fascia
what is the serous membrane that allows the testis to slide around
tunica vaginalis
what is the folded, loose-fitting, retractable casing (foreskin) at the distal end of the penis
prepuce
what is the cylindric casing of white, fibrous tissue
spermatic cord
what structure secretes the most seminal fluid
seminal vesicles (60%)
seminiferous tubules - rete testis - efferent ductules - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory ducts - urethra is
the course of sperm
normal sperm count is
50-150 million sperm/mL
ducts or modified duct structures, vulva (external genitalia), additional glands are what kind of organs
accessory
ovaries are what kind of organs
essential
what is located one on each side of the uterus, blow and behind the uterine tubes that attach to the posterior surface of the broad ligament
ovaries
what part of the ovaries has thousands of ovarian follicles
cortex
what part of the ovaries contains connective tissue cells, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics
medulla
what is the release of the ovum at the end of oogenesis (oocyte maturation) called
ovulation
what hormone prevents follicle-stimulating hormone from being released
progesterone and inhibin
what hormone prevents the uterus from contracting
relaxin
what hormone maintains the uterine wall for implantation of a fertilized ovum
estrogen
if there is fertilization then what will maintain the corpus luteum
human chronic gonadpotropin (hCG)
what is the funnel shaped lateral part that extends over the ovary and opens directly into the abdominal cavity
infundibulum
what is the middle dilated portion of the uterine tubes
ampulla
what is the medial third that attaches to the uterus in the uterine tubes
isthmus
what is the site of fertilization
uterine tubes
what is located between the bladder and the rectum and is normally “ante flexed” or bent forward
uterus
what ligament folds of peritoneum and the uterus is suspended between the two folds
broad ligament
what ligament folds of peritoneum that anchors the uterus to the back wall
uterosacral ligament
what ligament creates a fold between the uterus and the rectum and makes the “rectouterine pouch” which has clinical significance
posterior ligament
what ligament anchors the uterus to the posterior surface of the bladder
anterior ligament
what ligament works through the inguinal canal
round ligament
