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RUSVM SAM II > The Fundus > Flashcards

The Fundus Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of the fundus

A

scelera

choroid

tapetum

RPE (pigment)

neurosensory retina

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2
Q

what species have a holangiotic retinal vascular pattern

A

canine

feline

also bovine, caprine, and ovine

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3
Q

which retinal vascualr pattern do rabbits have

A

merangiotic

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4
Q

what are the hallmarks of fundus disease

A

retinal hemorrhage

rentinal detachment

vascular changes

altered tapetal reflectivity

altered pigmentation

altered optic nerve head appearance

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5
Q

causes of retinal hemorrhage

A

anemia

systemic hypertension

hyperviscosity

diabetes

chorioretinitis

coagulopathy

trauma

retinal detachment

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6
Q

retinal hemorrhage that has a keep boat shape is located _______

A

pre-retinal

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7
Q

retinal hemorrhage within the nerve fiber layer has what appearance

A

flame shaped

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8
Q

hemorrhage within the retina has what appearance

A

dot-blot

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9
Q

sub-retinal hemorrhage has what pattern

A

diffuse, irregular

looks like a coverslip that has been placed on a drop of blood

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10
Q

what shoud your inital work up for retinal hemorrhage include

A

CBC/CHEM

PT/aPTT

blood pressure

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of detachment

A

bullous = medical disease

rhegmatogenous = surgical disease

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12
Q

bullous detachment

A

multifocal

serious

common early sign of feline hypersensitive retinopathy

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13
Q

treatment for bullous detachment

A

treat underlying cause and hypertensive therapy

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14
Q

which breed commonly gets rhegmatogenous detachment with vitreous degeneration (vitreoretinopathy)

A

shih tzu

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15
Q

attenuation (thinning) of retinal vasculature is seen with

A

retinal degeneration

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16
Q

increased tortuosity of vasculature is commonly a result of ___

A

hypertension

hyperviscosity

17
Q

hyperreflective tapetum is due to

A

retinal thinng

retinal degeneration/scarring; retinal detachment/tear

18
Q

causes of hyporefelctive tapetum

A

increased retinal thickness

folding, edema, infiltrates, effusion

19
Q

characterisitics of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

A

bilateral & symmetrical

initial night blindness

gradual loss of vision

not treatment

20
Q

clinical signs of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

A

slow/incomplete PLRs

narrowing and loss of retinal blood vessels

tapetal hyper-reflectivity

optic nerve atrophy

secondary cataract formation

21
Q

sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)

A

bilateral & symmetrical

sudden loss of vision

acute photoreceptor death

dilated pupils - PLR often (+) but sluggish

22
Q

signalment of SARDS

A

middle/older dogs

obesity/wt gain

PU/PD/PP

CBC/CHEM abnormalities suggestive of Cushing’s (majority do not have Cushing’s disease)

23
Q

Feline Central Retinal Degeneration may be associated with _____

A

dietary taurine deficiency

“vegan cats”

24
Q

which drugs can have an adverse reaction causing retinal degeneration

A

enrofloxacin in cats

25
Q

what dis?

A

Chorioretinitis - active lesion

  • poorly circumscribed, raised, grey-white areas of edema or cellular infiltrate*
  • hyper reflective over the tapetum*
  • pale over pigmented non-tapetum*
26
Q

what dis?

A

Chorioretinitis - inactive lesion

well circumscribed, flat, scarring

27
Q

treatment of chorioretinitis

A

address specific cause if unknown

anti-microbial (if indicated)

anti-inflammatory

28
Q

clinical findings with optic neuritis

A

abnormal PLR

peripheral blindness (affects part of the visual pathway that is shared with the PLR)

29
Q

differential for optic neuritis

A

infectious (distemper, toxo, neospora, ehrilichia, fungal - blasto, cryptococcus)

inflammatory (GME, immune mediated/idiopathic)

neoplastic (lymphoma)

30
Q

what is the main goal as a clinician with blindness

A

establish of the blindness is the result of an opthalmological or neurological disease

31
Q

peripheral blindness

A

visual pathway shared with PLR

eye, optic nerve, optic chiasm, proximal optic tract

32
Q

central blindness

A

visual pathway is not shared with PLR

+/- abnormal behavior, seizures, sensory or postural deficits

33
Q

T/F PLR can be preserved in retinal disease that spare the inner retina

A

True

RUSVM SAM II (20 decks)

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