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13A: Age of the Crusades, 1149-c.1204 > The Fourth Crusade and relations with Byzantium > Flashcards

The Fourth Crusade and relations with Byzantium Flashcards

1
Q

Which city did the Ayyubid al-Aziz attempt to take from his brother al-Afdal in 1194 and 1195?

A

Damascus

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2
Q

Which German Emperor launched the German Crusade of 1197 but died in September 1197 before he could join it?

A

Henry VI

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3
Q

Which ruler of Jerusalem died in September 1197 after accidentally falling from a window?

A

Henry of Champagne

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4
Q

Who was Saladin’s brother that by 1197 had started to achieve prominence over the other surviving Ayyubids?

A

al-Adil

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5
Q

Along with Sidon, which port was captured by the German Crusade of 1197 in September 1197?

A

Beirut

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6
Q

Which Frankish city was captured by al-Adil during the German Crusade of 1197?

A

Jaffa

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7
Q

Which kingdom did Queen Isabella of Jerusalem’s fourth husband Aimery (from 1198) also rule?

A

Cyprus

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8
Q

Which new pope from January 1198 was highly ambitious and determined to assert papal leadership of crusading?

A

Innocent III

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9
Q

Which papal bull did Pope Innocent III use to launch the Fourth Crusade on 15 August 1198?

A

Post Miserabile

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10
Q

Who was the charismatic preacher recruited by Innocent III to gather support for the Fourth Crusade?

A

Fulk of Neuilly

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11
Q

Who was the papal legate sent to Venice to secure naval support and transportation for the Fourth Crusade?

A

Soffredo

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12
Q

At which castle did senior French lords met in November 1199, where they pledged to go on a crusade?

A

Ecry-sur-Aisne

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13
Q

Whose unexpected death in 1199 released many of his nobles to participate in the Fourth Crusade?

A

Richard I

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14
Q

Who was the first leader of the crusade and brother of Henry of Champagne, the former king of Jerusalem?

A

Theobald of Champagne

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15
Q

Which cousin of Theobald of Champagne took the cross with him at Ecry in November 1199?

A

Louis of Blois

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16
Q

Which rich, powerful noble in Europe whose family had a long crusading pedigree joined the crusade shortly after Ecry?

A

Baldwin of Flanders

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17
Q

What term is used to describe the social ties/obligations of some Latin noble families to crusade like their forefathers?

A

crusading pedigrees

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18
Q

What was the secretly agreed initial target of the Fourth Crusade in order to make Jerusalem secure?

A

Egypt

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19
Q

Which city-state offered transportation and supplies for 33,500 knights, squires and footsoldiers?

A

Venice

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20
Q

How much did the French Fourth crusade negotiators agree would be paid under the April 1201 Treaty of Venice?

A

85,000 marks

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21
Q

How many war galleys did the Venetians offer to aid the Fourth Crusade in return for an equal share of any loot?

A

Fifty

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22
Q

How many of the expected 33,500 crusaders had arrived by Autumn 1202?

A

c.12,000

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23
Q

Despite huge financial sacrifices how much was still owed by the crusaders to the Venetians by late Autumn 1202?

A

c.34,000 marks

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24
Q

Which Christian city did the Venetians ask the crusade to capture for them in return for extending them a loan?

A

Zara

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25
Q

Which papal legate refused to condone the diversion to Zara and did not accompany them there?

A

Peter Capuano

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26
Q

Which blind, elderly, and clever Doge of Venice took the cross (after the crusade was diverted to Zara) in September 1202?

A

Enrico Dandalo

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27
Q

Which brother of Conrad led the Fourth Crusade from August 1201 after Theobald’s death?

A

Boniface of Montferrat

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28
Q

The leader of which faction opposed to attacking Zara sought to undermine Dandalo’s negotiations in November 1202?

A

Simon de Montfort

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29
Q

What, held by abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay, forbade the Fourth Crusaders to attack Zara under threat of excommunication?

A

papal letter

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30
Q

When did Zara fall to the Fourth Crusade (and was then ransacked)?

A

24 November 1202

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31
Q

When did Boniface of Montferrat rejoin the Fourth Crusade to discuss Prince Alexius’s offer having missed the attack on Zara?

A

December 1202

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32
Q

Which element of the Fourth crusade was excommunicated for a lack of penance regarding the attack on Zara?

A

Venetians

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33
Q

Who offered to pay 200,000 marks (among other things) to divert the Fourth crusade to Constantinople?

A

Prince Alexius (IV)

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34
Q

Which claimant to be German Emperor supported his brother-in-law Alexius Angelus in diverting the Fourth Crusade?

A

Philip of Swabia

35
Q

When, possibly prompting revenge, had Venetians and their possessions been seized throughout the Byzantine Empire?

A

1171

36
Q

Which usurper was removed from the Byzantine throne with crusader support in July 1203?

A

Alexius III

37
Q

Which French negotiator and participant wrote an account of the Fourth Crusade?

A

Geoffrey of Villehardouin

38
Q

Who opposed diversion to Constantinople, was sent to Outremer to explain the delay and did not speedily return?

A

Renaud de Montmirail

39
Q

Who led a Flemish fleet that rejected the proposed diversion to Constantinople and sailed to Outremer?

A

John of Nesles

40
Q

Where did the Fourth Crusade arrive in May 1203, encounter resistance to Alexius and face massive internal division?

A

Corfu

41
Q

By which crusader deadline was it clear that Alexius IV could not pay all that he had promised them?

A

September 1203

42
Q

Until when did Alexius IV ask the Fourth Crusade to stay at Constantinople after failing to fully pay them?

A

March 1204

43
Q

When did crusader relations with Alexius IV collapse despite his previous promises to pay them?

A

December 1203

44
Q

Who was deposed in a place coup in January 1204 and then murdered in February 1204?

A

Alexius IV

45
Q

What did Latin priests claim the Greeks were, therefore justifying the attack in April 1204 (violating Innocent III’s wishes)?

A

schismatics

46
Q

Which Byzantine usurper fled Constantinople just before the Fourth Crusade successfully attacked on 12-13 April 1204?

A

Alexius V

47
Q

Which city took three entire days for the Fourth crusade to sack in mid-April 1204?

A

Constantinople

48
Q

What was the total estimated amount looted from Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204?

A

c. 800,000 silver marks

49
Q

Who was one of the nobles of Outremer who left to move to Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade?

A

Stephen of Perche

50
Q

Which territories were conquered by the Fourth Crusade and diverted future crusading away from Outremer?

A

Frankish Greece

51
Q

Which battle in 1176 destroyed the Byzantine army of Emperor Manuel I?

A

Myriocephalum

52
Q

When, possibly prompting revenge, had Latin merchants been massacred in Constantinople?

A

1182

53
Q

When did the pro-Frankish Emperor Manuel I die?

A

1180

54
Q

Who was the unpopular Latin mother and regent for Alexius II in the years 1180 to 1182?

A

Maria of Antioch

55
Q

Who seized the Byzantine throne in 1183 and had Alexius II murdered?

A

Andronicus I

56
Q

Which prominent Latin nobleman was murdered in the Byzantine power struggle in 1183?

A

Renier of Montferrat

57
Q

Hostility to which group was stirred up by Andronicus I to maintain his grip on power?

A

Latins

58
Q

Who invaded Byzantium in 1185 and sacked Thessalonica?

A

William II of Sicily

59
Q

Who seized the Byzantine throne and killed Andronicus I in September 1185?

A

Isaac II Angelus

60
Q

Who did Isaac II seemingly forge an alliance with out of fear of his power?

A

Saladin

61
Q

Whose forces did Isaac II attempt to hinder during the Third Crusade?

A

Frederick I of Germany

62
Q

Which Byzantine city did Frederick I seize in 1189 in retaliation for Isaac II’s acts against him?

A

Philippopolis

63
Q

Where were Frederick I’s ambassadors incarcerated by Isaac II in 1189?

A

Constantinople

64
Q

What had declined to only thirty galleys by 1196?

A

Byzantine navy

65
Q

A failing war with which country between 1190 and 1195 led Isaac II’s brother Alexius III to overthrow him in 1195?

A

Bulgaria

66
Q

Who offered to pay 200,000 marks to divert the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople?

A

Prince Alexius

67
Q

When did the Fourth crusaders successfully capture Constantinople for their ally, removing Alexius III?

A

July 1203

68
Q

What was made worse by the 1204 sack of Constantinople?

A

Great Schism

69
Q

When did Manuel I arrest all Venetians in the Byzantine Empire and confiscate their property?

A

March 1171

70
Q

When Doge Michiel return to Venice with the fleet remnants after being defeated in the Byzantine-Venetian War?

A

May 1172

71
Q

When did the Venetians sign a treaty with Norman Sicily in an attempt to force Byzantines to improve relations?

A

1175

72
Q

Which Venetian ambassador negotiated the return of the Venetians to Constantinople in the years 1182 to 1184?

A

Enrico Dandalo

73
Q

Along with the release of all prisoners what Byzantine compensation was arranged by 1184 for Venice for their losses from 1171?

A

1,500 pounds of gold

74
Q

In what year was the Venetian quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?

A

1189

75
Q

In what year was the Pisan quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?

A

1192

76
Q

Whose trade privileges were greatly extended by Alexius III in 1197, giving the impression that he was partisan to them?

A

Pisa

77
Q

What percentage of her losses from 1171 had Venice been compensated for in reparations payments by 1203?

A

Eighty-five

78
Q

In what year had Alexius I originally granted the Venetians huge trade privileges in return for aid against the Normans?

A

1082

79
Q

Which Byzantine emperor had attempted to revoke the privileges of Venice in the 1120s but had been humiliated?

A

John II

80
Q

When did a Greek mob attack Latin merchants in Constantinople driving the Pisans into supporting the Fourth Crusade?

A

18 August 1203

81
Q

When did a war break out between between Pisa and Genoa that spread to Constantinople where 1,000 Pisans (with Venetians and Greeks) attacked the 300 Genoese?

A

Summer 1162

82
Q

In what year did Pisa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Alexius I?

A

1111

83
Q

In what year did Genoa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Manuel I?

A

1155

13A: Age of the Crusades, 1149-c.1204 (10 decks)

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