Byzantium, the Muslim Near East and Outremer, c.1144-1174

Question 1

Whose attacks on Byzantium limited its willingness to help the Second Crusade?

Answer 1

Roger II of Sicily

Question 2

Who unsuccessfully fought a war against the Byzantines in Cilicia in 1144 and 1145?

Answer 2

Raymond of Antioch

Question 3

In what year was Raymond of Antioch forced to travel to Constantinople and submit to Manuel I as his vassal?

Answer 3

1145

Question 4

Who did Manuel I unsuccessfully attempt to have married to Constance of Antioch in 1152?

Answer 4

John Roger

Question 5

Which Byzantine princess did Baldwin III marry in 1158?

Answer 5

Theodora

Question 6

Which Byzantine Christian island was raided and sacked by Reynald of Antioch in 1156?

Answer 6

Cyprus

Question 7

In what year did Manuel I of Byzantium invade Cilicia forcing Prince Reynald to beg for forgiveness?

Answer 7

1158

Question 8

Which Frankish princess did Manuel I marry in 1162?

Answer 8

Maria of Antioch

Question 9

The daughter of which Frankish princess did Manuel I initially plan to marry but then scandalously reject c.1161?

Answer 9

Hodierna

Question 10

The Byzantines provided 300 ships to assist in the Frankish siege of which Egyptian city in 1169?

Answer 10

Damietta

Question 11

Which Byzantine military defeat in 1176 undermined its strength in Anatolia and Syria?

Answer 11

Myriocephalum

Question 12

Which Byzantine princess did Amalric of Jerusalem marry in 1167?

Answer 12

Maria

Question 13

In what year did Baldwin III marry the Byzantine princess Theodora?

Answer 13

1158

Question 14

Which Byzantine emperor was accused of not helping the Second Crusade but became an ally of Outremer?

Answer 14

Manuel I

Question 15

What did Byzantium provide to the Kingdom of Jerusalem that was most important to aid attacks on Egypt?

Answer 15

Naval support

Question 16

Where did the threat of Byzantine intervention act as an effective deterrent to Nureddin?

Answer 16

Northern Syria

Question 17

In what year did Reynald of Antioch defeat an Armenian rebellion against the Byzantines for which he was not compensated?

Answer 17

1155

Question 18

When did Amalric visit Constantinople in person to request aid for the Kingdom of Jerusalem?

Answer 18

March 1171

Question 19

Who travelled North to pay his respects to Manuel I in 1159 after Reynald had been humiliated?

Answer 19

Baldwin III

Question 20

In which territory had Prince Raymond being trying to take Byzantine towns in 1144-45?

Answer 20

Cilicia

Question 21

Who was Sultan of Rum that Manuel I had made a 12 year truce with and did not want to offend during the Second Crusade?

Answer 21

Mesud I

Question 22

Who did the Second crusaders accused of luring them into Turkish ambushes during the crossing of Anatolia?

Answer 22

Byzantine scouts

Question 23

Where did the Second crusaders accused the Byzantines of attacking their forces on their journey to Constantinople?

Answer 23

Balkans

Question 24

Who wrote a hostile account of the Second Crusade blaming the Byzantines for its failure?

Answer 24

Odo of Deuil

Question 25

What was the dowry of Theodora given to Baldwin III when he married her in 1158?

Answer 25

100,000 gold pieces

Question 26

In what year did Manuel I pay a ransom to release Bohemond III, after the prince’s capture at Harim?

Answer 26

1165

Question 27

Which daughter of Unur of Damascus did Nureddin marry in 1147 to seal their alliance?

Answer 27

Ismat

Question 28

Which Frankish castle did Nureddin unsuccessfully attack in 1153?

Answer 28

Banias

Question 29

In which battle in 1163 did King Amalric I of Jerusalem defeat and nearly kill Nureddin?

Answer 29

al-Buqaia

Question 30

When was Zengi murdered while he slept by one of his own servants?

Answer 30

September 1146

Question 31

Who recaptured Edessa from Joscelin II in December 1146 after the death of his father?

Answer 31

Nureddin

Question 32

What is the term used to describe Nureddin's increased religious devotion possible coming from a near death experience?

Answer 32

Inner conversion

Question 33

Who was the chronicler that presented Nureddin as a just ruler inspired by Jihad?

Answer 33

Ibn al-Qalanisi

Question 34

Who was the Kurdish general who invaded Egypt to assert Nureddin’s overlordship?

Answer 34

Shirkuh

Question 35

In 1164 who did Shawar seek help from Nureddin to fight?

Answer 35

Dirgham

Question 36

In what year did Shirkuh finally gain full control over Egypt?

Answer 36

1169

Question 37

Who succeeded as vizier of Egypt after the death of his uncle Shirkuh in 1169?

Answer 37

Saladin

Question 38

Which Frankish city was heavily exposed to Muslim attack and was taken by Zengi in 1144?

Answer 38

Edessa

Question 39

In which battle did Nureddin defeat and kill Prince Raymond of Antioch in 1149?

Answer 39

Inab

Question 40

Which brother of Nureddin accepted his overlordship of Mosul in 1149?

Answer 40

Qutb ad-Din

Question 41

Which city did Nureddin fail to take in two unsuccessful sieges in 1150 and 1151?

Answer 41

Damascus

Question 42

In what year were both Raymond III and Bohemond III captured at the second battle of Artah (Harim)?

Answer 42

1164

Question 43

Who was the vizier of Egypt that was ousted from power in 1163?

Answer 43

Shawar

Question 44

In what year was Joscelin II of Edessa captured by Nureddin?

Answer 44

1150

Question 45

What is the Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion?

Answer 45

Jihad

Question 46

What is the name of the Islamic education centres built in Syria, half of which in the 1160s were built by Nureddin?

Answer 46

Madrassas

Question 47

In which year was Nureddin’s ‘palace of Justice’ built in Damascus?

Answer 47

1163

Question 48

Which Fatimid coastal city was captured by Baldwin III of Jerusalem in 1153?

Answer 48

Ascalon

Question 49

In which year did Saladin abolish the Shia Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt?

Answer 49

1171

Question 50

When did Saladin launch a devastating raid against the southern border of the kingdom of Jerusalem?

Answer 50

December 1170

Question 51

Distrust between Saladin and Nureddin led to Muslim failure at the siege of which castle in October 1171?

Answer 51

Montreal

Question 52

In which year did Nureddin aid the Armenian leader Mleh of Cilicia in expelling the Templars from their northern fortresses?

Answer 52

1172

Question 53

When did Nureddin die at his citadel in Damascus?

Answer 53

May 1174