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13A: Age of the Crusades, 1149-c.1204 > Saladin, Muslim Unity, Byzantium and the Franks c.1169-89 > Flashcards

Saladin, Muslim Unity, Byzantium and the Franks c.1169-89 Flashcards

1
Q

Who did Saladin accompany to Egypt in the 1160s?

A

Shirkuh

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2
Q

Saladin distinguished himself at which battle against Amalric of Jerusalem in March 1167?

A

al-Babayn

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3
Q

In what year did Saladin become dominant in Egypt after Shirkuh’s death?

A

1169

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4
Q

The siege of which Frankish castle did Saladin abandon in October 1171 to Nureddin’s annoyance?

A

Montreal

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5
Q

In which year did Saladin fail to offer meaningful assistance to Nureddin’s siege of Kerak?

A

1173

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6
Q

What did Nureddin send to Egypt in 1173, demonstrating suspicion of Saladin’s loyalty?

A

Auditors

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7
Q

What did Saladin bring to an end in September 1171?

A

Fatimid dynasty

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8
Q

Where did Saladin use capable administrators such as Qadi al-Fadil and al-Makhzumi to generate huge wealth?

A

Egypt

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9
Q

Who did Saladin formally recognise as overlord of Egypt between 1169 and 1174?

A

Nureddin

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10
Q

Which son and heir of Nureddin did Saladin claimed to be working for him but instead worked against him?

A

al-Salih

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11
Q

Who did Saladin send to conquer Yemen from Muslims he claimed were heretical, in the years 1174 to 1176?

A

Turanshah

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12
Q

Which Red Sea castle was recaptured by Saladin from the Franks in December 1170?

A

Aila

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13
Q

Which widow of Nureddin did Saladin marry in 1176 to increase the legitimacy of his claim to be ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’?

A

Ismat

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14
Q

Victory over the Zengids at which battle, in April 1175, left Saladin in control of Damascus, Baalbek and Homs?

A

Horns of Hama

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15
Q

Which Emir of Erbil and Zengid supporter, opposed Saladin at the Horms of Hama but then defected to support him in 1182?

A

Gokbori

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16
Q

At which battle was Saladin was victorious over Sayf al-Din in April 1176?

A

Tell Sultan

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17
Q

Which sister of Saladin was married to his key supporter Gokbori in the 1180s to cement his loyalty?

A

Rabia Khatun

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18
Q

Which sister of Saladin was married to the emir of Homs to greater bind him to the Ayyubids?

A

Zumurrud

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19
Q

Which ruler of Homs plotted to exploit Saladin’s expected death in 1186 but then died himself of excessive drinking?

A

Muhammad ibn Shirkuh

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20
Q

Which Abbasid caliph acknowledged Saladin as ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’ in 1176?

A

al-Mustadi

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21
Q

When did Saladin’s forces successfully clash with Kilij Arslan II’s to keep territory taken by Nureddin in 1173?

A

1179

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22
Q

With which Sultan of Rum did Saladin have an uneasy and mutually untrusting relationship?

A

Kilij Arlsan II

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23
Q

In what year was Saladin criticised by Kilij Arslan II for involving himself in a local dispute rather than jihad?

A

1180

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24
Q

In what year did Saladin act to prevent the union of Aleppo and Mosul against him?

A

1182

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25
Q

Which group rejected Saladin’s attempted dominance of Syria between 1174 and 1183?

A

Zengids

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26
Q

Which Zengid powerbase fell to Saladin in 1183 two years after the death of al-Salih?

A

Aleppo

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27
Q

In what year did Saladin arrange a truce with the Franks so that he could focus on defeating his Muslim foes?

A

1185

28
Q

Which Muslim city’s ruler only acknowledged Saladin’s overlordship in 1186?

A

Mosul

29
Q

Who was Saladin’s loyal governor of Aleppo between 1183 and 1186 then administered Egypt from 1186 to 1192?

A

al-Adil

30
Q

Which ruler of Mosul, built a coalition of Muslim leaders to oppose Saladin between 1174 and 1180?

A

Sayf al-Din

31
Q

Which ruler of Mosul from 1180 led the remaining opposition to Saladin until 1186?

A

Izz ad-Din

32
Q

Which Muslim group did Saladin come to terms with in 1176 after his war on them failed?

A

Assassins

33
Q

At which battle in 1177 did Saladin face a major setback when the Franks were victorious and his nephew was killed?

A

Montgisard

34
Q

Which Abbasid caliph (from 1180) criticised Saladin even after the capture of Jerusalem, out of fear of his power?

A

al-Nasir

35
Q

Which vital crossing point in did Saladin prevented Baldwin IV from fully fortifying in 1179?

A

Jacob’s Ford

36
Q

At which battle in June 1179 did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV and the Templars allowing him to attack Jacobs Ford?

A

Marj Ayyun

37
Q

Which city’s capture on 2 October 1187 cemented Saladin’s reputation as a successful leader of the Jihad?

A

Jerusalem

38
Q

What item, constructed by Nureddin, was placed in the al-Aqsa mosque after Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem?

A

‘Minbar of Saladin’

39
Q

Which Frankish city resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?

A

Tyre

40
Q

In the summer of which year did Saladin take most of the coastal castles and towns of the states of Tripoli and Antioch?

A

1188

41
Q

When did Saladin’s attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?

A

October 1189

42
Q

Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Manuel I sealed an alliance in 1158 with Baldwin’s marriage to which of the emperor’s nieces?

A

Theodora

43
Q

Who did Maria Comnena, who was dispatched to Jerusalem, marry in 1167?

A

King Amalric

44
Q

Where had Nureddin declined to attack out of fear of Byzantine military strength?

A

Antioch

45
Q

In what year did Manuel send a large fleet to Damietta to help the Franks drive Nureddin from Egypt?

A

1169

46
Q

When did Manuel I order the mass arrest of Venetians throughout the Empire, including 10,000 in Constantinople?

A

1170

47
Q

When did the Venetians have to concede defeat in their conflict with Manuel I of Byzantium?

A

May 1172

48
Q

Which major Byzantine defeat to the Seljuk Turks of Rum happened on September 17, 1176?

A

Myriocephalum

49
Q

Who was the Sultan of Rum that defeated the Byzantines at the battle of Myriocephalum?

A

Kilij Arslan II

50
Q

Which battle did Manuel I compared his defeat in 1176 by the Seljuk Turks to?

A

Manzikert

51
Q

In what year did the Byzantines defeat the Seljuks at Hyelion and Leimocheir on the Meander River?

A

1177

52
Q

What type of impact did the defeat at Myriocephalum have on the Byzantine Empire?

A

Psychological

53
Q

In what year did Emperor Manuel I die?

A

1180

54
Q

Who became regent for the ten-year-old emperor Alexius II in 1180?

A

Empress Maria of Antioch

55
Q

Who seized the Byzantine crown in 1183 after exploiting hostility to Maria of Antioch?

A

Andronicus I

56
Q

When was the bulk of the Latin community in Constantinople (c.60,000) wiped out or forced to flee?

A

April 1182

57
Q

After the arrival of Andronicus Comnenus in Constantinople in Spring 1182, which group were massacred?

A

Latins

58
Q

Which daughter of King Louis VII of France did Andronicus I marry in 1183?

A

Agnes

59
Q

In what year did a Venetian embassy visit Constantinople, receiving some compensation for the losses of 1171?

A

1184

60
Q

The reign of Andronicus I (1183-85) was characterized by what?

A

violent civil strife

61
Q

Who led to an invasion of 200 ships and 80,000 men, including 5,000 knights to Thessalonica in 1185?

A

William II of Sicily

62
Q

Who was proclaimed Emperor in 1185 after Andronicus I attempted to kill the aristocracy?

A

Isaac II Angelus

63
Q

When was Emperor Andronicus I killed by a mob in Constantinople?

A

September 1185

64
Q

When did Isaac II agree to re-establish a mosque in Constantinople?

A

Summer 1189

65
Q

Which part of the Third Crusade did Isaac II inform Saladin about as they crossed into Byzantine territory?

A

Germans

66
Q

After promising to assist the Germans on the Third Crusade what did Isaac do to their ambassadors in the summer of 1189?

A

Imprison

13A: Age of the Crusades, 1149-c.1204 (10 decks)

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