The Eyes Flashcards
20 200 vision
Person is legally blind in US. Means that at 20 feet patient can read print that a person with normal visison could read at 200 feet, the larger the second number, the worse the vision
Myopia
impaired far vision
Presbyopia
impaired near vision; usually middle/old aged. they see better further away
Horizontal defect
Occlusion of a branch of the central retinal artery thay may cause a horizontal, altitudinal defect. Ischemia of the optic nerve also produce a similiar effect.
Blind right eye
A lesion of the optic nerve, and of course of the eye itself; produces unilateral blindness
Bitemporal Hemianopsia
A lesion at the optic chiasm may involve only fibers crossing over to the opposite side. Since these fibers originate in the nasal half of the retina, visual loss involves the temporal half of each field
Left homonymous Hemianopsia
A lesion of the optic tract interrups fibers originating on the same side of both eyes. Visual loss in the eyes is therefore similar; homonymous and invovles half of each field; hemianopsoa
Homonymous Left superior quandrantic defect; right optic radiation, partial
A partial lesion of the optic radiation in the temporal lobe may involve only a portion of the nerve fibers, producing, for example, a homonymous quandrantic defect.
Left homonymous hemianopsia
A complete interruption of fibers in the optic radiation produces a visual defect similiar to that produced by a lesion of the optic tract.
Left Temporal hemangioma
When patient’s left eye repeatedly down not see your fingers crossed until they have crossed the line of gaze.
Enlarged blind spot
Occurs in conditions affecting the optic nerve such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, and papilledema.
Graves disease or ocular tremors
Inward or outward deviation of the eyes; abnormal protrusion
Down syndrome
upstarting palpebral fissures
Blepharitis
Red inflamed lid margins, often with crusting
conjuctival inflammation
excessive tearing due to increased production
ectropion
margin of lower lid is turned outward, exposing palpebral conjuctiva and leads to impaired drainage of tears
Jaundice
Yellow sclera
Nodular episcleritis
local redness, often self-limiting in younger adults; seen in RA and SLE
Hypothyroidism
Lateral sparseness in eyebrow
Narrow angle glaucoma
occasionally the iris bows abnormally far forward forming a very narrow angle with the cornea; a sudden increase in intraocular pressure when drainage of the aqueous humor is blocked
Open angle glaucoma
the common form, the normal spatial relation between iris and cornea is preserved and the iris is fully lit
Miosis
constriction of pupils
mydriasis
dilation
Nasal deviation of the eye
temporal ocular alignment
Sustained nystagmus within the binocular field of gaze
seen with various neurologic conditions
Paralysis of CN VI
Eyes are conjugate in right lateral gaze not not in the left lateral gaze
Hyperthyroidism
poor convergence
Absence of red reflex
opacity of lens; cataract or possibly vitreous
Artifical eye
no red reflex
Macular degeneration
important cause of poor central vision in the elderly
Vitreous floaters
seens as dark specks or stands between the fundus and the lens
Cataracts
densities in the lens
Ptosis
drooping of the upper lid
Entropion
more common in elderly, is an inward turning of the lid margin
Ectropion
The margin of the lower lid is turned outward, exposing the palpebral conjuctivia
Lid retraction and exophthalmos
A wide-eyed state suggest retracted eyelids. In exophthalomos the eyeball protrudes forward. When bilateral suggest graves hyperthyroidism
Pinguecula
a harmless yellowish triangular node in the bulbar conjuctiva on either side of iris
Episcleritis
localized ocular redness from inflammation of episcleral vessels
sty
a painful tender red infections in a gland at the margin of the eyelid
chalazion
subacute nontender and usually painless nodule involving a meibomian gland.
Xanthelasma
Slightly raised, yellowish, well-circumscribed plaques that appear along the nasal portions of one or both eyelids.
Conjunctivitis
conjunctival infection: diffuse dilation of conjunctival vessels with redness that tends to be maximal peripherally. Significance in bacterial, viral, or other infections
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
leakage of blood outside of vessels, producing a homogenous, sharply demarcated, red area. Significance: may result from trauma, bleeding disorder or a sudden increase in venous pressure
Pterygium
A triangular thickening of the bulbar conjuctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side.
Papilledema
Venous statis leads to swelling of optic disc and anterior bulging of physiologic cup
Glaucomatous cupping
Increased pressure within the eye leads to increased cupping and atrophy.
Microaneurysms
Tiny, round, red spots see commonly but not exclusively in and around the macular area. They are minute dilations of very small retinal vessels, but the vascular connections are too small to be seen ophthalmoscopically. They arise from diabetic retinopathy but have other causes
Neovascularization
Refers to the formation of new blood vessels. They are more numerous, more tortuous, and narrower than other blood vessels in the area and form disorderly looking red arcades. A common cause is the late, proliferative stage of diabetic retinopathy. They vessels grwo into vitreous, where retinal detachment or hemorrahage may cause loss of vision
Soft Exudates: Cotton-Wool Patches
Cotton-wool patches are white or greyish, ovoid lesions with irregular soft borders. They are moderate in size but usually smaller than the disc. They result from infarcted nerve fibers and are seen in hypertension and many other conditions.
Arcus Senilis
Halo around periphery of iris; seen in pts with hyperlidemia
Central Scotoma
optic disc or nerve problem; visual loss in central vision; patient may see bright light in central visual field
peripheral visual field defects
along visual pathways from the optic chiasm and back; has central vision in tact but peripheral vision is blurry
Retinal arteries
smaller; lighter red
Retinal veins
larger; darker red
Retinal arteries in hypertension
Changes in arteriovenous crossings- A-V nicking/tapering/banking
Tonic Pupil
Pupil is large, regular, and usually unilateral. Reaction to light is severely reduced.
Small Irregular Pupils
Seen in CNS syphilis
