Pediatrics Flashcards
What is used as an assessment for the newborn immediately after birth?
Apgar Score
What time increments would you score each newborn after birth?
1 min and 5 min
If baby was crying vigorously, sneezing, or coughing, what Apgar score would be assigned?
2
If baby has pink body and blue extremities, what Apgar score would
1
Postterm infants are at risk of perinatal mortality or morbidity such as______&_________?
asphyxia and meconium aspiration
If baby’s muscle tone is flaccid, what Apgar score would be assigned?
0
What is a common complication among LGA (large for gestational age) newborns?
hypoglycemia
What type of infants are more prone to respiratory distress syndrome, apnea, PDA, and infection?
Preterm AGA (appropriate for gestational age) infants
What type of infants are more likely to experience asphyxia, hypoglycemia, and hypoglycemia?
Preterm SGA (small for gestational age) infants
What type of babies have knees flexed and hips flexed in utero?
breech babies (meaning buttock first)
What type of babies have their knees extended and hips flexed in utero?
frank breech baby
If you cannot distract the infant or make the awake infant attend to an object, your face, or a sound what problem would you consider?
visual or hearing deficit
An infant or toddler who has developmental skills that plateau or are out of sequence may have what conditions? (2)
Autism or cerebral palsy
How many deviations beyond the standard for age are indicated for more detailed evaluation of an child?
beyond TWO standards (or above the 95th percentile or below the 5th percentile
A common cause of an apparent deviation in somatic growth is______?
measurement error (attributed to the challenge of measuring a squirming infant or child)
Abnormalities that can cause deviation from normal growth patterns are_____ &_______.
Down syndrome & prematurity
____________ is a shown drop in height percentile on a growth curve that may signify a chronic condition.
Reduced growth velocity
____________ is inadequate weight gain for age.
Failure to thrive
A small infant head size may result from _____________ or __________.
premature closure of the sutures or microcephaly
What is an abnormally large head called?
macrocephaly
______is when an infant has a large head that is a benign familial condition.
Familial megaloencephaly
Central cyanosis in a baby or child of any age should raise suspicion of_______.
Congenital heart disease
Pigmented light-brown lesions are______.
Cafe au lait spots
Multiple lesions with smooth borders may suggest_______.
Neurofibromatosis
Skin desquamation is rarely a sign of ________or________.
placental circulatory insufficiency or congenital icthyosis
Midline hair tufts over the lumbosacral spine region suggest a possible ___________.
Spinal cord defect
Jaundice within the first 24 hours of birth may be from _______.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Late-appearing jaundice that persists beyond 2-3 wks should raise suspicions of what diseases?
biliary obstruction or liver disease
What is a common source of jaundice during the first couple of weeks is_____?
breastfeeding (it normally resolves)
Unilateral dark, purplish lesion or “port wine stain” over the distribution of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve is a sign of what syndrome?
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Significant edema of the hands and feet of a newborn girl may be suggestive of what syndrome?
Turner’s syndrome
A common type of localized swelling of the scalp on an infant is_________.
cephalohematoma
Is a type of pathology from injury to the sternocleidomastoid muscle at birth or lack of stimulation of the infant
Plagiocephaly
Premature closure of cranial sutures causes what?
Craniosynostosis
What cause a narrow head from lack of growth of parietal bones in a child.
Sagittal suture synostosis
An infant with what kind of condition may have coarse facial features and other abnormal facies.
congenital hyperthyroidism
A child with up slanting palpebral fissures has what condition?
Down syndrome
A child with down slanting palpebral fissures has what condition?
Noonan’s syndrome
A child with short palpebral fissures has what condition?
fetal alcohol effects
What is the Chvostek’s sign in assessing the infant?
percussing the cheek just below the zygomatic bone in front of the ear using the tip of your index or middle finger; a positive sign produces facial grimacing caused by repeated contractions of the facial muscles
Alternating convergent or divergent strabismus persisting beyond 3 months indicates what?
ocular motor weakness
What is it called when there is a ring of white specks in the iris that strongly suggests Down Syndrome?
Brushfield’s spots
Persistent ocular discharge and tearing since birth may indicate what conditions?
Dacryocystitis
A small skin tab, cleft, or pit found just forward of the tragus represents a remnant of what?
the first branchial cleft (has clinical significance)
In the absence of universal hearing screening, many children with hearing deficits are not diagnosed until what age?
2 yrs old
The nasal passages in newborns are obstructed in what?
choanal atresia
Macroglossia that is associated with hypoglycemia and omphalocele is most likely diagnosed as what syndrome in infants?
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
What kind of cysts in infants appear as small dimples or openings anterior to the mid portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Branchial cleft cysts
What kind of cysts in infants are common, pinhole-size pits, usually anterior to the helix of the ear?
Preauricular cysts
What kind of cysts in infants are at the midline of the neck, just above the thyroid cartilage? These are small, firm, mobile masses that move upward with tongue protrusion.
Thyroglossal duct cysts
What is the formal name of a “wry neck” in infants and what is the cause.
Congenital torticollis; from bleeding into the sternocleidomastoid muscle
what kind of chest wall abnormality is called the “chicken breast deformity”
pectus carinatum
What is another name for “funnel chest”
pectus excavatum
Airway obstruction or lower respiratory tract disease in infants can result in what sign?
Hoover sign, also called paradoxical (seesaw) breathing which involves the abdomen moving outward when the chest moves inward during inspiration
Wheezes in infants occur commonly with what two conditions?
Asthma or bronchiolitis
Crackles (rales) can be heard with what two conditions?
pneumonia and bronchiolitis
Tachypnea, tachycardia, and hepatomegaly in infants suggest which condition?
heart failure
A diffuse bulge outward of the left side of the chest suggests what long standing condition?
cardiomegaly
The absence or diminution of femoral pulses in an infant are indicative of what condition?
coarctation of the aorta
What two conditions can cause full pulses in infants feet?
Patent ductus arteriosus or truncus arteriosus
What condition is associated with hyper dynamic precordium and bounding distal pulses?
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Distant heart tones suggest what condition in infants?
pericardial effusion
Heart sounds that sound mushy and less distinct are suggestive of what condition?
myocardial dysfunction
A louder than normal pulmonic component that is louder than the aortic sound is indicative of what infant condition?
pulmonary HTN
A pulmonary flow murmur in the newborn is pathologic for what three different syndromes?
Williams syndrome, congenital rubella syndrome, and Alagille syndrome
What is the term for breast development in infancy that occurs between 6 months and 2 years?
premature thelarche
What is the “silk sign”
thickened spermatic cord
What is a common cause of blood in the stool of infants?
Anal fissures;
With infantile developmental dysplasia of the hip, you feel a “clunk” as the femoral head, which lies posterior to the acetabulum, enters the acetabulum. A palpable movement of the femoral head back into place constitutes what positive sign?
Ortolani sign
If you feel the infantile head of the femur slipping out onto the posterior lip of the acetabulum, this constitutes what positive sign?
Barlow sign
Severe bowing of the knees can be normal but also be due to what two conditions?
rickets or Blount disease
Pathologic tibial torsion occurs only in association with what?
deformities of the feet or hips
The most common severe congenital foot deformity is what?
talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
Subtle neonatal behaviors such as fine tremors, irritability, and poor self-regulation may indicate what?
Withdraw from nicotine (if the mother smoked during pregnancy)
Newborns with __________often lie in a frog-leg position with arms flexed and hands near the ears.
hypotonia
Dysphagia in infants can occasionally be due to injury to what cranial nerves?
CN IX-XII
What syndrome results from the use of opioids by the mother while pregnant.
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
Persistence of what infant reflex beyond 4 months suggests pyramidal tract dysfunction?
Palmar Grasp Reflex
Persistence of what infant reflex beyond 8 months suggests pyramidal tract dysfunction?
Plantar Grasp Reflex
