Cardiology

Question 1

What does the JVP reflect?

Answer 1

Pressure in the Right Atrium

Question 2

JVP in Hypovolemic patients

Answer 2

low JVP

Question 3

JVP in hypervolemic patients

Answer 3

high JVP

Question 4

Causes of increased JVP

Answer 4

Right-sided congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid stenosis, or superior vena cava obstruction

Question 5

JVP in patients with obstructive lung disease

Answer 5

Increased JVP on expiration and vein collapse on inspiration

Question 6

Elevated JVP is 98% specific for:

Answer 6

increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure and low left ventricular ejection fraction

Question 7

A tortuous and kinked carotid artery may produce:

Answer 7

a unilateral pulsatile bulge

Question 8

Causes of decreased carotid pulsations:

Answer 8

decreased stroke volume and local factors in the artery such as atherosclerotic narrowing or occlusion

Question 9

Delayed carotid upstroke in:

Answer 9

aortic stenosis

Question 10

Small, thready, or weak carotid pulse in:

Answer 10

cardiogenic shock

Question 11

bounding carotid pulse in:

Answer 11

aortic insufficiency

Question 12

Findings when patient is in left lateral decubitis position:

Answer 12

Low-pitched extra sounds such as an S3, opening snap, diastolic rumble of mitral stenosis

Question 13

Findings when patient is sitting, leaning forward, after full exhalation:

Answer 13

Soft decrescendo diastolic murmur of aortic insufficiency (regurgitation)

Question 14

S1 is decreased in:

Answer 14

first-degree heart block

Question 15

S2 is decreased in:

Answer 15

aortic stenosis

Question 16

Displacement of the apical impulse upward and to the left is caused by:

Answer 16

pregnancy or a high left diaphragm

Question 17

Lateral displacement of the apical impulse in:

Answer 17

congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease

Question 18

A diffuse PMI with a diameter greater than 3 cm indicates:

Answer 18

left ventricular enlargement

Question 19

Diastolic murmurs usually indicate:

Answer 19

valvular heart disease

Question 20

Systolic murmurs may indicate:

Answer 20

valvular disease but often occur when the heart valves are normal

Question 21

Midsystolic murmurs typically arise from:

Answer 21

blood flow across the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic) valves

Question 22

Pansystolic murmurs often occur with:

Answer 22

regurgitant flow across the atrioventricular valves

Question 23

Late systolic murmurs indicate:

Answer 23

mitral valve prolapse

Question 24

Early diastolic mrumurs typically accompany:

Answer 24

regurgitant flow across incompetent semilunar valves

Question 25

Middiastolic and presystolic murmurs reflect:

Answer 25

turbulent flow across the atrioventricular valves

Question 26

Crescendo murmur

Answer 26

mitral stenosis

Question 27

Decrescendo murmur

Answer 27

aortic regurgitation

Question 28

Crescendo-Decrescendo murmur

Answer 28

aortic stenosis

Question 29

Plateau murmur

Answer 29

mitral regurgitation