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AP 2 > The Eye and Vision > Flashcards

The Eye and Vision Flashcards

1
Q

A sensory organ that has three layers, a lens, and humors.

A

Eye

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2
Q

Includes eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles.

A

Accessory Structures

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3
Q

Six muscles that control the movement of the eyeball.

A

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

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4
Q

Moves eye laterally

A

Lateral Rectus m.

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5
Q

Moves eye medially

A

Medial Rectus m.

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6
Q

Elevates eye and turns it medially

A

Superior Rectus m.

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7
Q

Depresses the eye and turns it medially.

A

Inferior Rectus m.

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8
Q

Elevates the eye and turns it laterally

A

Inferior Oblique m.

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9
Q

Depresses the eye and turns it laterally

A

Superior Oblique m.

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10
Q

The outermost coat of the eyeball.

A

Fibrous Tunic

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11
Q

The posterior portion and bulk of the fibrous tunic. White and opaque in color. Protects the eye and provides anchoring sites for the extrinsic muscles.

A

Sclera

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12
Q

The anterior of the fibrous tunic. Translucent. Allows light to enter the eye.

A

Cornea

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13
Q

The middle coat of the eyeball.

A

Vascular Tunic

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14
Q

A blood vessel-rich, dark brown membrane that forms the posterior 5/6s of the vascular tunic. Provides nutrients to all layers of the eye and helps absorb light.

A

Choroid

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15
Q

Ring of tissue that encircles the lens. Contains smooth muscle that controls the lens shape and secretes fluid into the anterior segment.

A

Ciliary Body

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16
Q

The colored part of the eye. Made up of two smooth muscle layers that vary pupil size.

A

Iris

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17
Q

The central opening that allows light to enter the eye.

A

Pupil

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18
Q

The innermost layer of the eye. Contains photoreceptors and neurons involved in processing responses to light.

A

Retina

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19
Q

A single-cell-thick lining next to the choroid. Absorbs light and prevents it from scattering in the eye.

A

Pigmented Layer of the Retina

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20
Q

The transparent inner layer of the retina. Contains neurons.

A

Neural Layer of the Retina

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21
Q

Produce signals in response to light.

A

Photoreceptors

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22
Q

Cells where action potentials are generated in the retina.

A

Bipolar cells

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23
Q

Leave the posterior aspect of the eye as the optic nerve.

A

Ganglion Cells

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24
Q

Location where the optic nerve exits the eye. Lacks photoreceptors.

A

Optic Disc

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25
Q

Dim-light and peripheral vision receptors. Most numerous and most light sensitive type of photoreceptor.

A

Rods

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26
Q

Vision receptors for bright light and provide high-resolution color vision.

A

Cones

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27
Q

Contains mostly cones. Lateral to the blind spot of each eye.

A

Macula lutea

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28
Q

Area where retinal structures are displaced. Contains only cones.

A

Fovea Centralis

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29
Q

Area behind the lens. Filled with vitreous humor.

A

Posterior Segment

30
Q

Fluid in the posterior chamber. Transmits light, supports the posterior surface of the lens and holds the neural layer of the retina firmly against the pigmented layer, contributes to intraocular pressure, helping to counteract the pulling force of the extrinsic eye muscles.

A

Vitreous Humor

31
Q

Area in front of the lens. Filled with aqueous humor.

A

Anterior Segment

32
Q

A clear fluid that is similar to plasma. Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the lens, cornea, some cells of the retina, and it carries away metabolic wastes.

A

Aqueous Humor

33
Q

Venous canal where aqueous humor drains.

A

Scleral Venous Sinus

34
Q

A transparent, flexible structure that can change shape to precisely focus light on the retina.

A

Crystalline Lens

35
Q

Found on the anterior lens surface. Consists of cuboidal cells.

A

Lens Epithelium

36
Q

Cells that form the bulk of the lens. Contain no nuclei and few organelles.

A

Lens Fibers

37
Q

Precisely folded proteins that form the body of the lens.

A

Crystallins

38
Q

Includes all energy waves.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

39
Q

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that our eyes respond to.

A

Visible Spectrum

40
Q

Changes in light speed that occur when light passes through another medium with a different density.

A

Refraction

41
Q

Location where light rays converge.

A

Focal Point

42
Q

The image formed by a convex lens.

A

Real Image

43
Q

The distance beyond which no change in lens shape is needed for focusing.

A

Far Point of Vision

44
Q

The normal eye.

A

Emmetropic

45
Q

The nearsighted eye. The focal point is in front of the retina.

A

Myopic

46
Q

The farsighted eye. The focal point is behind the retina.

A

Hyperopic

47
Q

Process that increases the refractory power of the lens. Caused by contracting the ciliary body and bulging of the lens.

A

Accommodation

48
Q

The closest point on which one can focus clearly. Occurs at the maximum bulge the lens can achieve.

A

Near Point of Vision

49
Q

Occurs when the size of the pupil is reduced to focus vision.

A

Constriction

50
Q

Medial rotation of the eye by constriction of the medial rectus muscle to turn the eye towards the object being view.

A

Convergence

51
Q

Change shape as they absorb light.

A

Visual Pigments (Photopigments)

52
Q

A light-absorbing molecule made from vitamin A.

A

Retinal

53
Q

Proteins that bind to retinal to form visual pigments.

A

Opsins

54
Q

Isomer of retinal that is bound to opsin.

A

11-cis-retinal

55
Q

Isomer of retinal after a photon has been absorbed. Activates opsin.

A

All-trans-retinal

56
Q

Process by which light energy is converted into a graded receptor potential.

A

Phototransduction

57
Q

The visual pigment of rods.

A

Rhodopsin

58
Q

The breakdown of rhodopsin into retinal and opsin.

A

Bleaching of the pigment

59
Q

A G protein activated by light-activated rhodopsin.

A

Transducin

60
Q

Binds to cation channels in photoreceptor cells in the dark, holding them open. Broken down by enzyme activated by transducin.

A

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

61
Q

Occurs when moving from darkness into bright light. Rods and cones are strongly stimulated, and large amounts of visual pigments are break down almost instantaneously, producing a flood of signals.

A

Light Adaptation

62
Q

Occurs when moving from a well-lit room to a dark one.

A

Dark Adaption

63
Q

Where axons of retinal ganglion cells exit the eye.

A

Optic Nerve

64
Q

Location where fibers from the medial aspect of the eye cross over to the opposite side.

A

Optic Chiasma

65
Q

Contains fibers from the lateral aspect of the eye and fibers from the medial aspect of the opposite eye. Carries all information from the same half of the visual field.

A

Optic Tracts

66
Q

Synapse with optic tracts in the thalamus.

A

Lateral Geniculate Nuclei

67
Q

Fibers in the cerebral white matter that project to the primary visual cortex.

A

Optic Radiation

68
Q

Part of the occipital lobe where conscious perception of visual images occurs.

A

Primary Visual Cortex

69
Q

Visual reflex centers in the midbrain that control the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

A

Superior Colliculi

70
Q

Part of the hypothalamus that functions as a timer for daily biorhythms.

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

71
Q

Three-dimensional vision created because each eye sees a slightly different field.

A

Depth Perception

AP 2 (14 decks)

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