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Patho II > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

1) Sclera
2) Choroid
3) Retina

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2
Q

What is the sclera?

A

outer white layer

maintains shape

Muscles attached control movement

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3
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Middle layer

Blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the retina?

A

innermost layer

Rods
Cones

Bipolar cells

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5
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Clear circular area in the sclera where light enters the eye

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6
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Circular opening in front of the choroid

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7
Q

What is the iris?

A

Colored smooth muscle surrounding the pupil which adjusts the opening according to the brightness of the light

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8
Q

What is the lens?

A

Located behind the pupil, between the anterior and posterior chambers

In a constant state of adjustment as it becomes thinner or thicker to accomodate the detailed input it receives

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9
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma but containg low protein concentrations

Fill both anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye

Formed by the ciliary body, enters the posterior chamber, bathes the lens, and circulates through the pupil to gain access to the anterior chamber

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10
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

Located in the space between the lens and retina - aka vitreous chamber

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11
Q

What are the rods and cones?

A

synapse with bipolar cells which thensynapse with ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve

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12
Q

What do rods do?

A

night vision

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13
Q

What do cones do?

A

Color blindness

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14
Q

What is the orbit?

A

compartment that is closed medially, laterally, and posteriorly

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15
Q

What is proptosis?

A

disease of the orbit that increases the orbital contents and displaces the eye forward

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16
Q

What are examples of proptosis diseases?

A

Graves disease

Enlargement of the lacrimal gland from inflammatio or neoplasm

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17
Q

What is the eyelid?

A

Composed of skin externally and mucosa (conjunctiva) on teh surface apposed to the eye

Generates critical components of the tear film

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18
Q

What is the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

Lines the interior of the eyelid

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19
Q

What is the bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Covers the surface of the eye

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20
Q

What is the limbus?

A

Intersection between the clear and the cornea

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21
Q

What does bacterial and viral conjunctivitis cause?

A

Redness and itching

Heals without sequelae

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22
Q

What does Chlamydia trachomatis cause?

A

Significant conjunctival scarring

23
Q

What is a pinguecula?

A

Yellowish patch or bump on the conjunctiva near the cornea

Submucosal elevations on the conjunctiva from actinic damage (UV)

24
Q

What is Pterygium?

A

Triangular shaped growth of fleshy tissue on the white of the eye that eventually extends over the cornea

Change in the normal tissue that results in a deposit of protein, fat, or calcium

Can develop from a pinguecula

25
Q

What does the corneal stroma lack?

A

Blood vessels and lymphatics

It is immunoprivileged

26
Q

What are keratitis and ulcers caused by?

A

Bacterial, fungal, and viral (especially herpes simplex and herpes zoster) and protozoan (acanthamoeba) infections

27
Q

What does corneal neovascularization cause?

A

Risk of corneal graft rejection

28
Q

What is myopia?

A

EYe is too long for its refractive power

Light is focused in front

29
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Eye is too short and light is focused behind

30
Q

What are the types of corneal degeneration?

A

Non-hereditary unilateral and bilateral

31
Q

What are corneal dystrophies?

A

Bilateral and hereditary

32
Q

What is keratoconus?

A

Progressive thinning and ectasia of the cornea without evidence of inflammation or vascularization leading to conical cornea which is bilateral

33
Q

What is keratoconus associated with?

A

Down syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Atopic disorders

34
Q

What is Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy?

A

Loss of endothelial cells causing edema and thickening within cornea

Common indication for corneal transplantation

35
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Fuchs endothelial dystrophy?

A

Stroma edema

Bulbous keratopathy

36
Q

What is psudophakic bulbous keratopathy?

A

Endothelial cells decrease following cataract surgery

37
Q

What is the anterior chamber?

A

Bound anteriogly by the cornea, laterally by the trabecular meshwork and posteriorly by the iris

38
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Occur in anterior segment

Lenticular opacities that may be congenital or acquired

39
Q

What are the causes of cataracts?

A

Systemic disease = galactose is, diabetes Mellitus

Drugs = corticosteroids

Radiation

Trauma

Age-related = opacification of the lens nucleus (nuclear sclerosis)

40
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Collection of diseases characterized by distinctive changes in the visual field and in the cup of the optic nerve

Associated with elevated intraocular pressure from aqueous humor not draining properly

41
Q

How does aqueous humor drain?

A 
Posterior chamber (ciliary body production —>
Pupil —> Anterior chamber —> trabecular meshwork —> Schlemm’s canal
42
Q

What is open-angle glaucoma?

A

Drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris remains open, but the trabecular meshwork is partially blocked

43
Q

What is angle-closure glaucoma?

A

The iris bulges forward to narrow or block the drainage angle formed by the cornea and iris

44
Q

What is the primary cause of open-angle glaucoma?

A

Genetics

45
Q

What are the secondary causes of open-angle glaucoma?

A

Ocular vascular malformations

Trauma

46
Q

What is the primary cause of angle-closure glaucoma?

A

Hyperopia

47
Q

What are the secondary causes of angle-closure glaucoma?

A

Retinal ischemia

Tumors

48
Q

What is ophthalmitis?

A

Intraocular inflammation causes by vessels in the ciliary body and iris becoming leaky and allowing cells and exudate to accumulate in the anterior chamber

49
Q

What is anterior synechiae?

A

Inflammatory exudate in the anterior chamber causing adhesions between the iris and the trabecular meshwork or cornea

50
Q

What is posterior synechiae?

A

Inflammatory exudate in the anterior chamber causing adhesions between the iris and anterior surface of the lens

51
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Inflammation within the vitreous humor

52
Q

What is panophthalmitis?

A

Inflammation within the eye that involves the retina, choroid, and sclera and extends into the orbit

53
Q

What is caused by anterior synechiae?

A

increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage

54
Q

What is caused by posterior synechiae?

A

Anterior subscapular cataract

Patho II (16 decks)

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