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Patho II > Lower Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Lower Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

A

Bladder and urethra

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2
Q

What are the ureters, bladder, and urethra lined with?

A

Transitional epithelium

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3
Q

What is the special name for the transitional epithelium found in the lower urinary tract?

A

Urothelium

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4
Q

What is the terminal portion of the urethra lined with?

A

Squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What is important to know about the lower urinary tract in females?

A

Ureters lie close to the uterine arteries and are vulnerable to injury in operations on the female genital tract

The close relationship of the female genital tract to the bladder makes possible the spread of disease from one tract to the other

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6
Q

What is the Lamina propria?

A

thin layer of smooth muscle of the bladder

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7
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle of the bladder

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8
Q

What is the problem with congenital anomalies of the ureters?

A

They can contribute to obstruction of flow of urine and therefore cause recurrent urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis

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9
Q

What is a Bifid Ureter?

A

Congenital anomaly ONLY

Associated with some kidney anomaly also

Two ureters can join together or reach bladder as two extra ureters

Only time it causes an issue is if there is a kidney problem already in the patient

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10
Q

What is the Ureteropelvic (UP) Junction Obstruction the most common cause of?

A

Hydronephrosis in infants and children

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11
Q

What is Diverticula?

A

Outpouching of ureters that are usually asymptomatic

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12
Q

What is a hydroureter?

A

The complete dilation, elongation, and tortuosity of a ureter

Normal finding in pregnancyf

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13
Q

What type of anomaly are UP Junction Obstruction and Diverticula?

A

Congenital or acquired anomalies

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14
Q

What can preceed pyelonephritis?

A

Cystitis

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15
Q

What are the common agents that cause Cystitis?

A

E. coli
Proteus
Klebsiella
Enterobacter

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16
Q

Who are more likely to develop cystitis and why?

A

Women because they are shorter urethras

17
Q

What are the predisposing factors for Cystitis?

A

Diabetes Mellitus
Instrumentation like catheterization
Immune Deficiency

18
Q

What are the triad of symptoms that occur with Cystitis/

A

Increased Frequency of urination
Lower abdominal pain
Dysuria

19
Q

What is cystitis a secondary complication of?

A

Any underlying disorder associated with urinary stasis:

Prostatic Enlargment
Cystocele of the bladder
Calculi
Tumors

20
Q

What are urothelial tumors?

A

Small benign lesions to aggressive fatal cancers

21
Q

Where do Urothelial Tumors most common?

A

In the bladder but can be seen at any site where there is urothelium, from the renal pelvis to the distal urethra

22
Q

Who is urothelial tumors most common in?

A

Higher in men than women

50-80 years of age

23
Q

What is the percentage of bladder cancer and cancer mortality in the US?

A

7% cancers

3% cancer mortality

24
Q

Is bladder cancer familial?

A

No

25
Q

What is the most common cause of bladder cancer?

A

Cigarette Smoking

26
Q

What are the causes of bladder cancer?

A 
Smoking
Chemical carcinogens like aryl amines
Long term exposure to analgesics
Heavy long-term exposure to cyclophosphamide
Irradiation
27
Q

What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?

A

Painless hematuria

28
Q

What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

A

Painless Hematuria
Frequency
Urgency
Dysuria

29
Q

What do urothelial tumors have the tendency to do?

A

They develop new tumors after excision

30
Q

What does the prognosis of bladder cancer depend on?

A

Histologic grade and stage of diagnosis

31
Q

What is the clinical challenge of bladder cancer?

A

Early detection and adequate follow-up

32
Q

What does bladder cancer first present as?

A

Pyelonephritis

Hydronephrosis

33
Q

What are the four morphologic patterns of bladder cancer?

A

Papilloma
Invasive Papillary Carcinoma
Flat-noninvasive carcinoma
Flat invasive carcinoma

34
Q

What is Urethritis commonly associated with?

A

STDs

35
Q

What are the two types of Urethritis?

A

Gonococcal

Non-Gonoccal

36
Q

What STD is associated with Gonococcal urethritis?

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

37
Q

What STDs are associated with Non-Gonococcal urethritis?

A

Chlamydia

Mycoplasma

38
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Urethritis?

A

Local pain
Itching
Frequency
May warn of more serious disease at higher levels of the urogenital tract

Patho II (16 decks)

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