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Patho II > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the male genital tract?

A

Generate and transport sperm, produces sex hormones, and aids in urination

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2
Q

What makes up the male genital tract?

A 
Penis
Scrotum
Testes
Duct System
Accessory Glands
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3
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

Site of germination, maturation, and transportation of the sperm cells within the male testes

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4
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules surrounded by?

A

Sertoli cells within specialized epithelium

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5
Q

What is the function of the Sertoli cells?

A

Provide protection and nourishment to germ cells

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6
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

produces sperm and male sex steroids

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7
Q

What is the function of the epididymides?

A

Store sperm

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8
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Conduct sperm to urethra

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9
Q

What is the function of the sex accessory glands?

A

Produce seminal fluid that nourishes sperm

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10
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Conducts sperm to outside of the male body

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11
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Organ of copulation

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12
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Provides proper temperature for testes

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13
Q

What is the penis?

A

external genitalia that contains erectile tissue

Deposits sperm through ejaculation

Average length is 2-5 inches when flaccid and 4-7 inches when erect

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14
Q

What are the three erectile tissues present in the penis?

A

Corpus Spongiosum surrounded by two corpora cavernosa

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15
Q

What is the foreskin?

A

sheath of loose skin covering the penis

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16
Q

What is smegma?

A

oily secretion produced by the glans combined with shed skin cells

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17
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

sac of skin that contains the testes, epididymus, and lower spermatic cords

Maintains testicular temperature for spermatogenesis

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18
Q

When does spermatogenesis develop in males?

A

by the age of 16

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19
Q

What does spermatogenesis involve?

A

H-P-G axis

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20
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

Adrenal cortex becomes functional

Onset of androgen-dependent body changes like growth of axillary and pubic hair, body odor, and acne

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21
Q

What is Gonadarche?

A

H-P-G axis initiates this

Earliest gonadal changes of puberty

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22
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Gives males their secondary sex characteristics

Regulates metabolism and protein anabolism

Inhibits pituitary secretion of gonadotropins

Promotes K excretion and renal Na reabsorption

Contributes to male pattern baldness and acne

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23
Q

What is the function of the duct system?

A

Delivers sperm from the testes to the exterior

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24
Q

What is contained within the duct system?

A 
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Spermatic Cord
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
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25
Q

What is semen?

A

sperm and ejaculatory fluid from the seminal vesicles

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26
Q

What are the accessory glands?

A

Prostate gland

Cowper’s (Bulbourethral) gland

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27
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Secretes fluid that mixes the semen that decreases acidity, increases sperm motility, and prolongs sperm life

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28
Q

What is the function of the Cowper’s gland?

A

Secretes another alkaline fluid into the urethra to neutralize acidity caused by urine transportation

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29
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Foreskin cannot be retracted from the glans penis

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30
Q

What are the causes of phimosis?

A

Poor hygiene
Infections
Sometimes carcinoma

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31
Q

What are complications of phimosis?

A

urinary obstruction

Pain

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32
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned over the gland penis

Penis becomes constricted and edematous

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33
Q

What is the complication of paraphimosis?

A

gangrene from penile necrosis

MEDICAL EMERGENCY THAT MUST BE TAKEN CARE OF WITHIN 6 HOURS

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34
Q

What is Hypospadias?

A

Abnormal urethral opening on the ventral surface of teh penis

Below/undersurface

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35
Q

What is Epispadias?

A

Abnormal urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis

Above/upper surface

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36
Q

What is Hypospadias and Epispadias associated with?

A

failure of normal descent of the testes and with malformations of the urinary tract

37
Q

Is hypo or epispadias more common?

A

Hypospadias

38
Q

What are the complications of hypo and epispadias?

A

Urinary tract obstruction
Increased risk of UTIs
Cause of sterility

39
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Dilation of the veins in the spermatic cord = pampiniform plexus

Caused by inadequate or absent valves in the spermatic veins

40
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

Scrotal swelling due to collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

Caused by imbalance between fluid secretion and reabsorption

41
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Serous membrane that covers the testes

42
Q

What is Spermatocele?

A

Painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between head of the epididymis and the testis

Contains milky fluid that contains sperm

43
Q

What are the most important and frequent conditions of the epididymis?

A

Inflammatory diseases

44
Q

What are the most important and frequent conditions of the testis?

45
Q

What are the congenital Anomalies of the testis and epididymis?

A

Undescended testes
Absence of one or both testes = rare
Fusion of Testes

46
Q

What is cryptochidism?

A

Complete or partial failure of the intra-abdominal testes to descend into the scrotal sac

47
Q

What is cryptochidism associated with?

A

Testicular dysfunction and an increased risk of testicular cancer

48
Q

What are the risk factors of Cryptorchidism?

A

Prematurity
Low-birth weight
Family history of problems of genital development
Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy
Maternal Cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy

49
Q

What is the percentage of 1 year old boys that cryptorchidism is found in?

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptorchidism?

A

Asymptomatic

Comes to attention when scrotal sac is discovered to be empty

51
Q

What are the complications of Cryptorchidism?

A

Sterility

Risk of developing testicular cancer

52
Q

When would surgery be performed to repair cryptorchidism?

A

If the testes hadn’t descended by the time the child turned 1

53
Q

What is Testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of spermatic cord typically cutting off the venous drainage of the testis

54
Q

If testicular torsion is left untreated, what can it lead to?

A

Testicular infarction

SURGICAL EMERGENCY

55
Q

What is the cause of spontaneous testicular torsion?

A

Bilateral anatomic defect that leads to increased mobility of the testes = bell clapper abnormality

56
Q

What is the symptom of adult testicular torsion?

A

Sudden onset of testicular pain

57
Q

What are the types of testicular tumors?

A

Germ cell tumors = seminomas and non-seminomas

Sex-cord stromal tumors

58
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor of men 15-34 years old?

A

Germ cell tumors

10% of all cancer deaths

59
Q

What are the causes of testicular tumors?

A

Environmental factors

Genetic factors

60
Q

What are the most common type of germ cell testicular tumors?

A

Seminomas = 50%

61
Q

When is the peak incidence of testicular tumors?

A

third decade

Never occur in infants

62
Q

Which germ cell testicular tumor type is the most aggressive?

A

Non-seminomas

63
Q

What do germ cell testicular tumors originate from?

A

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN)

64
Q

What are intratubular germ cell neoplasia and what do they do to cause testicular tumors?

A

Atypical germ cells

They retain the expression of the transcription factors OCT3/4 and NANOG, which are important in maintenance of pluripotent stem cells

65
Q

What is the characteristic feature of testicular tumors?

A

Painless enlargement of the testis

66
Q

What are the biologic markers for testicular tumors?

67
Q

Where do non-seminuous testicular tumors spread to?

68
Q

What is the prostate?

A

Weighs 20 grams

Retroperitoneal organ encircling the neck of the bladder and urethra

Devoid of distinct capsule

69
Q

What are the four biological and anatomically distinct zones/regions of the prostate?

A

Peripheral
Central
Transitional
Periurethral

70
Q

Where do most hyperplasia of the prostate occur?

A

transitional zone

71
Q

Where do most carcinomas of the prostate occur?

A

Periurethral zone

72
Q

What controls the growth and survival of prostatic cells?

A

Testicular androgens

73
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Most common benign prostatic disease in men > 50

Nodular hyperplasia in periurethral zone that causes partial/complete urethral obstruction

74
Q

What is the cause of BPH?

A

Dyhydrotestosterone (DTH) is formed and binds to nuclear androgen receptors present in stromal and epithelial prostate cells

This binding causes reawakening of growth and proliferative pathways which produces hyperplasia of the prostate

75
Q

What converts testosterone to DHT and where does it do this?

A

Type 2 - 5 alpha reductase in stromal cells

76
Q

What growth factor are stimulated from DHT binding to AR?

A 
FGF = fibroblast growth factor
TGF-beta = transforming growth factor
77
Q

What are FGFs?

A

Paracine regulators of androgen stimulated epithelial growth during embryonic prostatic development

78
Q

What is TGF-beta?

A

Serves as a mitogen for fibroblasts and other mesenchymal cells, but inhibits epithelial proliferation

79
Q

What happens to patients with BPH?

A

INcreased size of the prostate and the smooth muscle-mediated prostatic contraction causing urianry obstruction

This leads to bladder hypertrophy and distention and is the source of infection

80
Q

What are the clinical features of BPH?

A

Increased Urinary frequency
Nocturia
Difficulty in starting and stopping the stream of urine
Overflow dribbling
Dysuria
Increased risk of developing bacterial infections of the bladder and kidney

81
Q

What can the patient do to treat mild cases of BPH?

A

Decrease fluid intake, espeically before bedtime
Moderate the intake of alcohol and caffeine-containing products
Following timed voiding schedule

82
Q

What is prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate that is the most common form of cancer in men

83
Q

What is prostate cancer tied with in terms of cancer mortality?

A

Colorectal cancer

84
Q

What is the incidence of prostate cancer?

A

20% in men >50

70% in men > 70

85
Q

What is the pathogenesis of prostate cancer?

A 
Hormone androgen levels
Age
Race = african Americans
Environment = charred red meat, soy, vitamin d protects 
Family History
86
Q

What increases the risk of getting prostate cancer?

A

Androgen receptors with short stretches of CAG repeats

BRCA2 mutations

Hypermethylation of glutathione S-transferase gene

Increased fat consumption

87
Q

What are the precursor lesions of prostate cancer?

A

Prostatic Intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)

88
Q

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

A

Early stages = asymptomatic and usually discovered by detection of suspicious nodule upon rectal exam

Late Stages = urinary symptoms like difficulty in starting or stopping stream, dysuria, frequency, or hematuria

89
Q

What is a biomarker for prostate cancer?

Patho II (16 decks)

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