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Patho II > Reading Questions > Flashcards

Reading Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most frequent cause of clinically significant nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage is?

A

Rupture of a saccular aneurysm

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2
Q

What is another word for saccular aneurysm?

A

Berry aneurysm

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3
Q

In 1/3rd of cases, when does rupture of a saccular aneurysm occur?

A

when there is an acute increase in ICP like straining at stool or orgasm

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4
Q

What is the clinical symptom of saccular aneurysm rupture?

A

Sudden, excruciating headache known as THUNDERCLAP HEADACHE and rapid LOC

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5
Q

What percentage of affected individuals with a rupture of a saccular aneurysm die from the first bleed?

A

25-50%

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6
Q

What patients have an increased risk of aneurysms?

A

patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

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7
Q

What percentage of aneurysms bleed per year?

A

1.3%

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8
Q

What size of an aneurysm causes rupture 50% of the time?

A

1cm or greater

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9
Q

What aneurysms occur intracranially?

A 
Saccular
Atherosclerotic
Mycotic
Traumatic
Dissecting
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10
Q

Which aneurysms are found in anterior circulation?

A

Saccular
Dissecting
Traumatic
Mycotic

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11
Q

Which aneurysms are fusiform and commonly involve the basilar artery?

A

Atherosclerotic aneurysms

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12
Q

What do nonsaccular aneurysms usually manifest as?

A

cerebral infarction due to vascular occlusion

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13
Q

What does hypertension cause?

A

hyaline arteriolar sclerosis of deep penetrating arteries and arterioles that supply the basal ganglia, the hemispheric white matter, and brain stem

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14
Q

What are minute aneurysms less than 300 micrometers in diameter called?

A

Charcot-Bouchard Microaneurysms

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15
Q

What are lacunes or lacunar infarcts?

A

small cavitary infarcts
few millimeters in size
found in deep gray and white matter, pons, and internal capsule

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16
Q

What is caused by rupture of small caliber penetrating vessels?

A

small hemorrhages that resorb anf form slit hemorrhage surrounded by brownish discoloration

17
Q

What is acute hypertensive encephalopathy associated with?

A

sudden sustained increases in diastolic blood pressure to greater than 130 mmHg

18
Q

What is acute encephalopathy characterized by?

A 
increased ICP
Global cerebral dysfunction
headaches
confusion
vomiting
convulsions
coma
19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of generalized TB meningitis?

A

headache
Malaise
Mental confusion
vomiting

20
Q

What does chronic TB meningitis lead to?

A

arachnoid fibrosis and hydrocephalus from interference with resorption of CSF

21
Q

What are brain abcesses caused by?

A

bacterial infections

22
Q

What are predisposing conditions for brain abcesses?

A

Acute bacterial Endocarditis
Cyanotic Congenital heart Disease
Chronic Pulmonary Infections

23
Q

What are brain abcesses?

A

discrete destructive lesions with central liqueficative necrosis surrounded by a rim of vascularized granulation and fibrous tissue

24
Q

What is caused by rupture of a brain abcess?

A

ventriculitis
Meningitis
Venous Sinus thrombosis

25
Q

What is viral encephalitis?

A

parenchymal infection of the brain that is almost invariably associated with meningeal inflammation = meningoencephalitis

26
Q

What is a prion disease?

A

infectious disease in which the causative agent is an abnormal form of a cellular protein

27
Q

What are some types of prion diseases?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Scrapie in sheep
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy = Mad Cow Disease

28
Q

What is the prion protein?

A

PrPsc which is resistant to proteolysis

29
Q

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

A

rapidly progressive dementing illness that can cause death within 7 months

30
Q

Who does CJD typically affect?

A

individuals over the age of 70

31
Q

What are the effect of Thiamine deficiency (beriberi)?

A

Wernicke encephalopathy

32
Q

What is Wernicke encephalopathy symptoms?

A

abrupt onset of confusion
Abnormalities in eye movement
Ataxia

33
Q

If treatment for beriberi is delayed what syndrome may occur?

A

Korsakoff Syndrome

34
Q

What can deficiency of Vitamin B12 lead to?

A

Anemia and Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord

Mild ataxia and lower extremity numbness and tingling

35
Q

What is Huntington Disease?

A

autosomal dominant movement disorder associated with degeneration of the striatum

36
Q

What is Huntingtons disease characterized by?

A

involuntary jerky movements of all parts of the body

37
Q

What are some early cognitive symptoms of Huntington Disease?

A

forgetfullness
Thought and affective disorders
progression to dementia possible

38
Q

What does Huntington Disease carry a risk for?

A

suicide

39
Q

What is the cause of Huntington Disease?

A

CAG trinucleotide repeat expansions in protein huntingtin

Patho II (16 decks)

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