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Biology > The Excretory System > Flashcards

The Excretory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Excretion organs

A
  • Lungs/respiratory system
  • Kidneys/excretory system
  • Liver
  • Bladder/excretory system
  • Skin
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2
Q

Lungs/respiratory system:
1. Substance excreted
2. Origin of substance excreted

A
  1. CO2 + water vapour
  2. Cellular respiration
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3
Q

Kidneys/excretory system:
1. Substance excreted
2. Origin of substance excreted

A
  1. Urine (urea, uric acid, water, salts, ammonia)
  2. Metabolic waste
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4
Q

Liver:
1. Substance excreted
2. Origin of substance excreted

A
  1. Bile pigments into the alimentary canal
  2. Bile and dead red blood cells
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5
Q

Bladder/excretory system:
1. Substance excreted
2. Origin of substance excreted

A
  1. Urine
  2. Metabolic waste
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6
Q

Skin:
1. Substance excreted
2. Origin of substance excreted

A
  1. Sweat (water, salts, urea)
  2. Metabolic waste
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7
Q

Urinary system consist of

A
  • Renal arteries
  • Kidneys
  • Renal veins
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
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8
Q

Renal arteries:
1. Number in system
2. Function/description

A
  1. 2
  2. Constantly transport blood to the kidneys
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9
Q

Kidneys:
1. Number in system
2. Function/description

A
  1. 2
  2. Composed of millions of nephrons
    Constantly filter 170 - 200 litres of blood to produce urine daily
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10
Q

Renal veins:
1. Number in system
2. Function/description

A
  1. 2
  2. Returns filtered blood/useful nutrients back into the bloodstream
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11
Q

Ureters:
1. Number in system
2. Function/description

A
  1. 2
  2. Carry urine form the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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12
Q

Urinary bladder:
1. Number in system
2. Function/description

A
  1. 1
  2. Temporarily stores urine until it’s released from the body
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13
Q

Urethra:
1. Number in system
2. Function/description

A
  1. 1
  2. Tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
    Outer end of urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter
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14
Q

Structure in bladder and its function

A

Rugae - allows bladder to expand

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15
Q

Kidney characteristics

A
  • Bean shaped
  • Located against the back muscles in the upper abdominal area, lower rib
  • Right kidney is a bit lower than the left kidney
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16
Q

Kidney function

A

To remove metabolic waste, liquid waste and excess water from the organism

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17
Q

________ blood filtered by the kidney ________

A

7-8 litres
20-25 times a day

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18
Q

Functional unit of a kidney

A

Nephron

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19
Q

Nephron is used to

A
  • Separate water, ions and small molecules from the blood
  • Filter out wastes and toxins
  • Return needed molecules to the blood
20
Q

Each kidney has about ______ nephrons

A

1 million

21
Q

Tiny arteries

A

Arteriole

22
Q

Arteriole names and description

A
  1. Afferent Arteriole = filtered blood into the nephron
  2. Efferent Arteriole = filtered blood out of the nephron
23
Q

_________ carries out the process of _________

A

Kidney
Excretion

24
Q

Different processes

A
  • Filtration
  • Absorption
  • Diffusion
  • Excretion
25
Q

Filtration

A
  • Kidney filters blood to remove unwanted minerals, urea and excess water
  • Some water is removed so that metabolic waste products can be excreted in liquid urine
26
Q

Absorption

A
  • Blood is filtered by kidneys, substances that the body needs are re-absorbed back into the blood so they are not lost in urine
27
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Substances are transported into and out of the specialised cells of the kidney through the process of diffusion
28
Q

Excretion

A
  • Wastes and some water passes out of kidney, down ureter to bladder to be passed out of body
29
Q

Urinary System health issues

A
  • Kidney failure
  • Bladder infection
  • Kidney Stones
30
Q

Kidney failure

A
  • Kidney loses ability to properly filter and remove metabolic waste which allows waste to build up in the body
  • Very harmful, may be fatal
  • Patient will need regular dialysis/hemodialysis
31
Q

Bladder infection

A
  • Common in women, rare in men
  • Bacteria can enter bladder, causing infection
  • Causes swelling and pain when urinating
32
Q

Kidney Stone

A
  • Form when fluid intake is too low, resulting in concentration of solutes in kidney becoming too high
  • Small crystal (stone) forms from solutes (salts and minerals)
  • Stone may stay in kidney/move down ureter to be excreted in urine
  • Larger stone causes severe pain along the urinary tract and may get stuck
  • When stone is stuck, it blocks the flow of urine and causes severe pain and bleeding
33
Q

Major problem with transplantation

A

Rejection

34
Q

Donor kidney needs to be as

A

Similar as possible to be the patients tissue type

35
Q

Process that cleanses kidneys and description

A

Plasmophersis - removing antibodies (from a non-match kidney) through a cleaning process

36
Q

Choosing a patient for a kidney transplant

A
  • Antigens on the surface of every cell determine your tissue type
  • Your immune system produces antibodies to foreign antigens
37
Q

Drug used to try and prevent rejection

A

Anti-rejection drugs

38
Q

Disadvantage of using anti-rejection drugs

A

They suppress your immune system which can make a person vulnerable to infections

39
Q

Living donor kidney lasts

A

20-25 years

40
Q

Deceased donor kidney lasts

A

15-20 years

41
Q

When transplanted kidney no longer works

A

Patient could die/need dialysis again

42
Q

When patient received transplanted kidney successfully

A
  • Patient no longer need dialysis
  • Improved quality of life
  • Work and travel easier
  • More energy
  • Live longer
  • Less restrictive diet
43
Q

Main source of kidneys for transplant

A

Cadavers (dead bodies/donors)

44
Q

Advantages for dialysis

A
  • No need for anti-rejection drugs
  • Less invasive
45
Q

Disadvantages for dialysis

A
  • Time consuming
  • Requires frequent visits to hospitals and doctors
  • Results in unpleasant side effects (cramps, fatigue)
  • Physically and emotionally draining
  • Limits ability to work and travel
46
Q

Advantages for kidney transplantation

A
  • Improved quality of life
  • Able to travel and work
  • More energy
  • Less restrictive diet
  • Live longer
47
Q

Disadvantages for kidney transplants

A
  • Difficult to find suitable donor
  • Have to take anti-rejection medication which weaken person’s immune system

Biology (5 decks)

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