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Nutrition And Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophic organisms

A

Use photosynthesis to obtain nutrients

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2
Q

Heterophic organisms

A

Consume food in order to obtain energy and nutrients

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3
Q

Food required to maintain a balanced diet

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Lipids (fats and oils)
  • Vitamins
  • MInerals
  • Water
  • Fibre
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4
Q

Carbohydrates

A

50% of daily intake

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5
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Source of immediate and stored energy

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6
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of carbohydrates in the body

A

Lose weight and less energy

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7
Q

Protein

A

15% of daily intake of food

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8
Q

Function of proteins

A
  • Building material: makes and repairs cells and tissues
  • Maintains healthy cells and tissues
  • Makes anti-bodies to fight infection
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9
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of protein in the body

A
  • Kwashiorkor in children
  • Low immunity and weak muscle development
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10
Q

Lipids (fats and oils)

A

35% of daily intake of foods

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11
Q

Function of lipids (fats and oils)

A
  • Source of reserved or stored energy
  • Insulates the body against the cold
  • Help absorb fat soluble vitamins (K;A;D;E)
  • Surrounds kidneys and acts as a shock absorber
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12
Q

Effects if there is a shortage of lipids (fats and oils) in the body

A
  • Stunted growth
  • A lack of fat soluble vitamins
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13
Q

Function of vitamins

A
  • Make sure chemical reactions take place correctly in cells
  • Provides resistance to disease
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14
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of vitamins in the body

A

Different diseases

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15
Q

Function of minerals

A
  • Ensures normal development and growth
  • Controls substances to ensure good health
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16
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of minerals in the body

A

Different diseases

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17
Q

Function of water

A
  • Body consists mainly of water
  • All life-processes need water
  • Provides fluid for cell reaction
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18
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of water in the body

A
  • Dehydration
  • Large loss = death
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19
Q

Function of fibre

A
  • Promotes peristalsis and keeps food moving through the digestive system
  • Keeps faeces moist
  • Prevents constipation, piles and colon cancer
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20
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of fibre in the body

A
  • Constipation
  • Colon cancer
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21
Q

What determines the amount of energy used by individuals

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Levels of activity
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22
Q

Energy and proteins: growing children and teenagers need ____ adults

A

> more than

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23
Q

Food: Males need ____ females

A

> more than

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24
Q

Energy rich foods: athletes need ____ non-athletes

A

> more than

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25
Food: older people need ____ younger people
< less than
26
Cause of rickets
Vitamin D and/or calcium deficiency
27
Main part of the body affected in rickets
Bones
28
Symptoms of rickets
- Soft-bones - Bow-legs (legs become bent)
29
Cause of scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency
30
Main part of the body affected in scurvy
Blood vessels
31
Symptoms of scurvy
- Bleeding gums and loose teeth - Bleeding under the skin and bruising - Sores that don’t heal - Low resistance to infection - Getting sick often
32
Cause of anaemia
Iron deficiency
33
Main part of the body affected in anaemia
Red blood cells
34
Symptoms of anaemia
- Tiredness - Paleness - Weakness - Dizzy - Rapid heart rate and palpitations
35
Cause of kwashiorkor
Protein deficiency
36
Symptoms of kwashiorkor
- Rounded abdomen/belly - Very thin arms and legs - Tires easily - Puffy face - Weakness
37
Treatment for kwashiorkor
- Powdered milk - Soya beans - Eggs - Fish and meat
38
Cause of marasmus
Lack of energy-rich food (carbohydrates) and protein deficiency
39
Symptoms of marasmus
- General body wasting - Very low body weight - Severe muscle-wasting and retarded growth - ‘monkey-like’ appearance - Weakness, irritable and hungry
40
Cause of anorexia nervosa
Insufficient food
41
Symptoms of anorexia nervosa
- Little energy - Fainting - Thin skin - Constipation - Can result in death
42
Treatment for anorexia
- Doctor - Dietitian - Therapist
43
Cause of bullimia nervosa
Lose control on a restrictive diet, and later purge
44
Symptoms of bullimia nervosa
- Self-induced vomiting - Compulsive eating - Damage to teeth - Bloating - Bleeding of the rectum
45
Cause of obesity
- Overeating - Bad eating habits
46
Symptoms of obesity
- Heart attacks - High blood pressure - Type 2 diabetes - Stroke - Infertility
47
Treatment for bulimia nervosa
- Family therapy - Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Dietary counselling - Physchodynamic therapy - Medication
48
Plants are autotrophic
They make their own food
49
Animals are heterotrophic
They eat plants/animals for the energy and nutrients
50
Why do we need to eat?
- Maintain body processes (vitamins and mineral salts) - Growth and repair of all cells and the production of hormones, enzymes and anti-bodies (protein) - Supply energy to the body (carbohydrates and fats)
51
Nutrition involves 5 key processes
- Ingestion - Digestion - Absorption - Assimilation - Egestion
52
Lifestyle of herbivore
Little competition for food - Browsers eat leaves from shrubs - Grazers eat grass
53
Lifestyle of a carnivore
- Predators hunt for prey, catch them and eat them - Scavengers eat off the carcass once the predators have eaten their fill
54
Lifestyle of an omnivore
In some cases are predators/generally live in groups and share food
55
Teeth and ingestion of a herbivore
Sharp even incisors, flat premolars and molars
56
Teeth and injestion of a carnivore
Pointed incisors and enlarged canines
57
Teeth and injestion of a omnivore
Teeth use for meat and vegetable diet. One 1 half of each jaw has 2.1.2.3.
58
Stomach (digestion) of a herbivore
More than one stomach to digest cellulose. Presence of mutualistic bacteria to produce enzymes to digest cellulose in plants
59
Stomach (digestion) of a carnivore
Well-developed stomach with gastric juice that enables the digestion of proteins and bones
60
Stomach (digestion) of an omnivore
Well-developed stomach with gastric juices to digest proteins and fats
61
Energy relationship of a herbivore
Primary consumers must consume large amounts of plant material to meet their energy requirements
62
Energy relationship of a carnivore
Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Require less food because their diet is rich in proteins
63
Energy relationship of an omnivore
Tertiary consumers consume the least amount of food as diet is rich in all require nutrients
64
Mechanical digestion involves
- Chewing food, mastication - Bolus formation (saliva and tongue) - Peristalsis, muscle action move the food along the alimentary canal - Churning movement of stomach to mix chyme
65
Human teeth
2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3. - Incisors - Canines - Premolars - Molars
66
Function of salivary glands
- Stimulates taste buds - Helps clean the teeth - Helps form chewed food into a bolus - Makes sure small food pieces stick together - Contains salivary amylase - Contributes to the process of chemical digestion in the mouth
67
Bile is used to:
- Neutralise acidic chyme - Physically breaks down fats in to small droplets
68
Bacteria in colon contains these vitamins:
- Vitamin K - helps with blood clotting - Biotin (Vitamin B7/H) - Vitamin Bs

Biology (5 decks)

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