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Biology > Nutrition And Digestion > Flashcards

Nutrition And Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Autotrophic organisms

A

Use photosynthesis to obtain nutrients

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2
Q

Heterophic organisms

A

Consume food in order to obtain energy and nutrients

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3
Q

Food required to maintain a balanced diet

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Lipids (fats and oils)
  • Vitamins
  • MInerals
  • Water
  • Fibre
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4
Q

Carbohydrates

A

50% of daily intake

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5
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A

Source of immediate and stored energy

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6
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of carbohydrates in the body

A

Lose weight and less energy

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7
Q

Protein

A

15% of daily intake of food

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8
Q

Function of proteins

A
  • Building material: makes and repairs cells and tissues
  • Maintains healthy cells and tissues
  • Makes anti-bodies to fight infection
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9
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of protein in the body

A
  • Kwashiorkor in children
  • Low immunity and weak muscle development
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10
Q

Lipids (fats and oils)

A

35% of daily intake of foods

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11
Q

Function of lipids (fats and oils)

A
  • Source of reserved or stored energy
  • Insulates the body against the cold
  • Help absorb fat soluble vitamins (K;A;D;E)
  • Surrounds kidneys and acts as a shock absorber
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12
Q

Effects if there is a shortage of lipids (fats and oils) in the body

A
  • Stunted growth
  • A lack of fat soluble vitamins
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13
Q

Function of vitamins

A
  • Make sure chemical reactions take place correctly in cells
  • Provides resistance to disease
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14
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of vitamins in the body

A

Different diseases

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15
Q

Function of minerals

A
  • Ensures normal development and growth
  • Controls substances to ensure good health
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16
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of minerals in the body

A

Different diseases

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17
Q

Function of water

A
  • Body consists mainly of water
  • All life-processes need water
  • Provides fluid for cell reaction
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18
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of water in the body

A
  • Dehydration
  • Large loss = death
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19
Q

Function of fibre

A
  • Promotes peristalsis and keeps food moving through the digestive system
  • Keeps faeces moist
  • Prevents constipation, piles and colon cancer
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20
Q

Effect if there is a shortage of fibre in the body

A
  • Constipation
  • Colon cancer
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21
Q

What determines the amount of energy used by individuals

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Levels of activity
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22
Q

Energy and proteins: growing children and teenagers need ____ adults

A

> more than

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23
Q

Food: Males need ____ females

A

> more than

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24
Q

Energy rich foods: athletes need ____ non-athletes

A

> more than

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25
Q

Food: older people need ____ younger people

A

< less than

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26
Q

Cause of rickets

A

Vitamin D and/or calcium deficiency

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27
Q

Main part of the body affected in rickets

A

Bones

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28
Q

Symptoms of rickets

A
  • Soft-bones
  • Bow-legs (legs become bent)
29
Q

Cause of scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency

30
Q

Main part of the body affected in scurvy

A

Blood vessels

31
Q

Symptoms of scurvy

A
  • Bleeding gums and loose teeth
  • Bleeding under the skin and bruising
  • Sores that don’t heal
  • Low resistance to infection
  • Getting sick often
32
Q

Cause of anaemia

A

Iron deficiency

33
Q

Main part of the body affected in anaemia

A

Red blood cells

34
Q

Symptoms of anaemia

A
  • Tiredness
  • Paleness
  • Weakness
  • Dizzy
  • Rapid heart rate and palpitations
35
Q

Cause of kwashiorkor

A

Protein deficiency

36
Q

Symptoms of kwashiorkor

A
  • Rounded abdomen/belly
  • Very thin arms and legs
  • Tires easily
  • Puffy face
  • Weakness
37
Q

Treatment for kwashiorkor

A
  • Powdered milk
  • Soya beans
  • Eggs
  • Fish and meat
38
Q

Cause of marasmus

A

Lack of energy-rich food (carbohydrates) and protein deficiency

39
Q

Symptoms of marasmus

A
  • General body wasting
  • Very low body weight
  • Severe muscle-wasting and retarded growth
  • ‘monkey-like’ appearance
  • Weakness, irritable and hungry
40
Q

Cause of anorexia nervosa

A

Insufficient food

41
Q

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa

A
  • Little energy
  • Fainting
  • Thin skin
  • Constipation
  • Can result in death
42
Q

Treatment for anorexia

A
  • Doctor
  • Dietitian
  • Therapist
43
Q

Cause of bullimia nervosa

A

Lose control on a restrictive diet, and later purge

44
Q

Symptoms of bullimia nervosa

A
  • Self-induced vomiting
  • Compulsive eating
  • Damage to teeth
  • Bloating
  • Bleeding of the rectum
45
Q

Cause of obesity

A
  • Overeating
  • Bad eating habits
46
Q

Symptoms of obesity

A
  • Heart attacks
  • High blood pressure
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Stroke
  • Infertility
47
Q

Treatment for bulimia nervosa

A
  • Family therapy
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
  • Dietary counselling
  • Physchodynamic therapy
  • Medication
48
Q

Plants are autotrophic

A

They make their own food

49
Q

Animals are heterotrophic

A

They eat plants/animals for the energy and nutrients

50
Q

Why do we need to eat?

A
  • Maintain body processes (vitamins and mineral salts)
  • Growth and repair of all cells and the production of hormones, enzymes and anti-bodies (protein)
  • Supply energy to the body (carbohydrates and fats)
51
Q

Nutrition involves 5 key processes

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Assimilation
  • Egestion
52
Q

Lifestyle of herbivore

A

Little competition for food
- Browsers eat leaves from shrubs
- Grazers eat grass

53
Q

Lifestyle of a carnivore

A
  • Predators hunt for prey, catch them and eat them
  • Scavengers eat off the carcass once the predators have eaten their fill
54
Q

Lifestyle of an omnivore

A

In some cases are predators/generally live in groups and share food

55
Q

Teeth and ingestion of a herbivore

A

Sharp even incisors, flat premolars and molars

56
Q

Teeth and injestion of a carnivore

A

Pointed incisors and enlarged canines

57
Q

Teeth and injestion of a omnivore

A

Teeth use for meat and vegetable diet. One 1 half of each jaw has 2.1.2.3.

58
Q

Stomach (digestion) of a herbivore

A

More than one stomach to digest cellulose. Presence of mutualistic bacteria to produce enzymes to digest cellulose in plants

59
Q

Stomach (digestion) of a carnivore

A

Well-developed stomach with gastric juice that enables the digestion of proteins and bones

60
Q

Stomach (digestion) of an omnivore

A

Well-developed stomach with gastric juices to digest proteins and fats

61
Q

Energy relationship of a herbivore

A

Primary consumers must consume large amounts of plant material to meet their energy requirements

62
Q

Energy relationship of a carnivore

A

Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. Require less food because their diet is rich in proteins

63
Q

Energy relationship of an omnivore

A

Tertiary consumers consume the least amount of food as diet is rich in all require nutrients

64
Q

Mechanical digestion involves

A
  • Chewing food, mastication
  • Bolus formation (saliva and tongue)
  • Peristalsis, muscle action move the food along the alimentary canal
  • Churning movement of stomach to mix chyme
65
Q

Human teeth

A

2.1.2.3.
2.1.2.3.
- Incisors
- Canines
- Premolars
- Molars

66
Q

Function of salivary glands

A
  • Stimulates taste buds
  • Helps clean the teeth
  • Helps form chewed food into a bolus
  • Makes sure small food pieces stick together
  • Contains salivary amylase
  • Contributes to the process of chemical digestion in the mouth
67
Q

Bile is used to:

A
  • Neutralise acidic chyme
  • Physically breaks down fats in to small droplets
68
Q

Bacteria in colon contains these vitamins:

A
  • Vitamin K - helps with blood clotting
  • Biotin (Vitamin B7/H)
  • Vitamin Bs

Biology (5 decks)

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