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Biology > Defintions > Flashcards

Defintions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Malnutrition

A

Incorrect proportions/amounts of nutrients are eaten for a prolonged period of time

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2
Q

Deficiency diseases

A

Diseases caused due to deficiency of nutrients of our food

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3
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterised by a fear of gaining weight and results in the person going on a restrictive diet

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4
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterised by periods of binge eating and then purging

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5
Q

Binge eating

A

The consumption of large quantities of food in a single sitting

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6
Q

Herbivore

A

An organism that mainly feeds on plants

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7
Q

Carnivore

A

An organism that mainly feeds on other organisms (animals/meats)

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8
Q

Omnivore

A

An organism that feeds on other organisms (plants and animals)

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9
Q

Ingestion

A

The first process in nutrition. It involves taking food into the mouth

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10
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Process that physically breaks the food to increase the surface area for enzyme action

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11
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes break complex nutrients into their monomer state so that absorption into the blood can occur

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical reaction where water is used to breakdown a compound

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13
Q

Salivary amylase

A

An enzyme that hydrolysis the starch to maltose (two molecules of glucose joined together)

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14
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of involuntary contractions of muscles in the walls of the oesophagus-pushing the food towards the stomach

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15
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Located at the top of the stomach and prevents food from moving back into the oesophagus

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16
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Is located at the bottom of the stomach and stops food from moving into the small intestine until it is ready to do so

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17
Q

Stomach

A

A muscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract

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18
Q

Churning

A

In the stomach, the food is mixed with gastric juices by peristalsis caused by the strong muscles of the stomach walls. This is an example of mechanical digestion

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19
Q

Pepsin

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acid

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20
Q

Protease

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

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21
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

It makes the contents in the stomach acids, and also kills bacteria that may be in the food

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22
Q

Mucin

A

A mucous secretion that protects the walls of our stomach from acid gastric juices

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23
Q

Chyme

A

The food mixes with the gastric juices and then is digested forming a thick soup-like substance

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24
Q

Bile

A

A watery, alkaline fluid that contains various salts

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25
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of digested food molecules through the walls of the small intestine

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26
Q

Villi

A

Millions of very small finger like projections that line the small intestine that is suitable for absorbing digested nutrients

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27
Q

Lymph

A

Is the fluid that is drained by the lymph vessels from the tissues and cells

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28
Q

Assimilation

A

The transportation and utilisation of nutrients

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29
Q

Excretion

A

The process by which waste products of metabolism from the system of an organism are eliminated from the body

30
Q

Egestion

A

The act of/process of discharging undigested/waste materials from a cell

31
Q

Nephron

A

Basic unit of structure in the kidney

32
Q

Dialysis

A

Or hemodialysis, involves using a machine which filters the blood for the patient to remove waste products

33
Q

Kidney transplant

A

Replacing the failed kidney with a healthy one from a donor

34
Q

Kidney rejection

A

The recipients immune system recognises the transplant as non-self and destroys it

35
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

When cells, organs, tissues from one species are used to treat another species

36
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organel in cell where cellular respiration takes place

37
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Breakdown of organic compounds (glucose) in presence of oxygen to release energy ATP (chemical energy) + CO2 (waste) + Water (water vapour) for cell to function

38
Q

Spiracles

A

Small opening in an insects exoskeleton which allows insect to breathe

39
Q

Breathing

A

Using your respiratory tract to pull air into your lungs and push air out of your lungs

40
Q

Oesophagus

A

A tube that leads from the back of the throat (behind the larynx) to the stomach

41
Q

Epiglottis

A

A flap of cartilage which closes the opening of the larynx and trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs

42
Q

Pleural membrane

A

Double layer of membrane surround the lungs

43
Q

Diaphragm

A

Sheet of muscle separating thorax (chest region) from the abdomen

44
Q

Gaseous exchange

A

Process of taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide

45
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of gases from an area of high concentration to low concentration

46
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, in which gas exchange occurs

47
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Requires oxygen

48
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen

49
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Owed oxygen because of anaerobic respiration and results in shallow breaths

50
Q

Reproduction

A

Biological process of generating offspring

51
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Type of reproduction where cells from only one parent is used

52
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

When a male sex cell fuses with a female one in the presence of fertilisation forming a zygote

53
Q

Sex cell

A

Or gametes, special cells produced by many organisms for reproduction

54
Q

Fertilisation

A

Process where gametes fuse together

55
Q

Zygote

A

When 2 gametes become a single cells

56
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long threads of chemical called DNA

57
Q

Gonads

A

Part of reproductive system that produces & releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicle/testis)

58
Q

Scrotum

A

Or scrotal sac is a thin skin that surrounds each testis

59
Q

Sperm ducts

A

Tubes that carry sperm cells away from the testes

60
Q

Urethra

A

Tube inside penis which carries urine from the bladder and semen (fluid containing sperm cells) through penis into the environment

61
Q

Penis

A

Organ that is responsible for introducing semen into the body of the female

62
Q

Semen

A

Sperm cells + the liquid in which they are released

63
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Funnel shaped opening close to each ovary, captures egg cell that is released from ovary

64
Q

Fimbria

A

Fimbriae (plur.) finger like projections lead from the Fallopian tubes and sit on ovaries

65
Q

Uterus

A

Hollow muscular organ situated behind the bladder

66
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of uterus that builds up each month. Is spongey and well supplied with blood vessels

67
Q

Cervix

A

Narrow muscular opening of uterus above vagina

68
Q

Vagina

A

Tube leading from uterus that opens to environment

69
Q

Data

A

Information a scientist collects while conducting experiments

70
Q

Erection

A

Stiffening of penis due to increase of blood volume in the erectile tissue

71
Q

Ejaculation

A

Discharge and release of semen into vagina

72
Q

Circumcision

A

Surgical removal of foreskin, the tissue covering the tip of the penis

Biology (5 decks)

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