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Defintions Flashcards

1
Q

Malnutrition

A

Incorrect proportions/amounts of nutrients are eaten for a prolonged period of time

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2
Q

Deficiency diseases

A

Diseases caused due to deficiency of nutrients of our food

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3
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterised by a fear of gaining weight and results in the person going on a restrictive diet

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4
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterised by periods of binge eating and then purging

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5
Q

Binge eating

A

The consumption of large quantities of food in a single sitting

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6
Q

Herbivore

A

An organism that mainly feeds on plants

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7
Q

Carnivore

A

An organism that mainly feeds on other organisms (animals/meats)

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8
Q

Omnivore

A

An organism that feeds on other organisms (plants and animals)

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9
Q

Ingestion

A

The first process in nutrition. It involves taking food into the mouth

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10
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Process that physically breaks the food to increase the surface area for enzyme action

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11
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes break complex nutrients into their monomer state so that absorption into the blood can occur

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical reaction where water is used to breakdown a compound

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13
Q

Salivary amylase

A

An enzyme that hydrolysis the starch to maltose (two molecules of glucose joined together)

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14
Q

Peristalsis

A

A series of involuntary contractions of muscles in the walls of the oesophagus-pushing the food towards the stomach

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15
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Located at the top of the stomach and prevents food from moving back into the oesophagus

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16
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Is located at the bottom of the stomach and stops food from moving into the small intestine until it is ready to do so

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17
Q

Stomach

A

A muscular pouch-like enlargement of the digestive tract

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18
Q

Churning

A

In the stomach, the food is mixed with gastric juices by peristalsis caused by the strong muscles of the stomach walls. This is an example of mechanical digestion

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19
Q

Pepsin

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acid

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20
Q

Protease

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

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21
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

It makes the contents in the stomach acids, and also kills bacteria that may be in the food

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22
Q

Mucin

A

A mucous secretion that protects the walls of our stomach from acid gastric juices

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23
Q

Chyme

A

The food mixes with the gastric juices and then is digested forming a thick soup-like substance

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24
Q

Bile

A

A watery, alkaline fluid that contains various salts

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25
Absorption
The movement of digested food molecules through the walls of the small intestine
26
Villi
Millions of very small finger like projections that line the small intestine that is suitable for absorbing digested nutrients
27
Lymph
Is the fluid that is drained by the lymph vessels from the tissues and cells
28
Assimilation
The transportation and utilisation of nutrients
29
Excretion
The process by which waste products of metabolism from the system of an organism are eliminated from the body
30
Egestion
The act of/process of discharging undigested/waste materials from a cell
31
Nephron
Basic unit of structure in the kidney
32
Dialysis
Or hemodialysis, involves using a machine which filters the blood for the patient to remove waste products
33
Kidney transplant
Replacing the failed kidney with a healthy one from a donor
34
Kidney rejection
The recipients immune system recognises the transplant as non-self and destroys it
35
Xenotransplantation
When cells, organs, tissues from one species are used to treat another species
36
Mitochondria
Organel in cell where cellular respiration takes place
37
Cellular respiration
Breakdown of organic compounds (glucose) in presence of oxygen to release energy ATP (chemical energy) + CO2 (waste) + Water (water vapour) for cell to function
38
Spiracles
Small opening in an insects exoskeleton which allows insect to breathe
39
Breathing
Using your respiratory tract to pull air into your lungs and push air out of your lungs
40
Oesophagus
A tube that leads from the back of the throat (behind the larynx) to the stomach
41
Epiglottis
A flap of cartilage which closes the opening of the larynx and trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs
42
Pleural membrane
Double layer of membrane surround the lungs
43
Diaphragm
Sheet of muscle separating thorax (chest region) from the abdomen
44
Gaseous exchange
Process of taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide
45
Diffusion
Movement of gases from an area of high concentration to low concentration
46
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, in which gas exchange occurs
47
Aerobic respiration
Requires oxygen
48
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen
49
Oxygen debt
Owed oxygen because of anaerobic respiration and results in shallow breaths
50
Reproduction
Biological process of generating offspring
51
Asexual reproduction
Type of reproduction where cells from only one parent is used
52
Sexual reproduction
When a male sex cell fuses with a female one in the presence of fertilisation forming a zygote
53
Sex cell
Or gametes, special cells produced by many organisms for reproduction
54
Fertilisation
Process where gametes fuse together
55
Zygote
When 2 gametes become a single cells
56
Chromosomes
Long threads of chemical called DNA
57
Gonads
Part of reproductive system that produces & releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicle/testis)
58
Scrotum
Or scrotal sac is a thin skin that surrounds each testis
59
Sperm ducts
Tubes that carry sperm cells away from the testes
60
Urethra
Tube inside penis which carries urine from the bladder and semen (fluid containing sperm cells) through penis into the environment
61
Penis
Organ that is responsible for introducing semen into the body of the female
62
Semen
Sperm cells + the liquid in which they are released
63
Fallopian tube
Funnel shaped opening close to each ovary, captures egg cell that is released from ovary
64
Fimbria
Fimbriae (plur.) finger like projections lead from the Fallopian tubes and sit on ovaries
65
Uterus
Hollow muscular organ situated behind the bladder
66
Endometrium
Lining of uterus that builds up each month. Is spongey and well supplied with blood vessels
67
Cervix
Narrow muscular opening of uterus above vagina
68
Vagina
Tube leading from uterus that opens to environment
69
Data
Information a scientist collects while conducting experiments
70
Erection
Stiffening of penis due to increase of blood volume in the erectile tissue
71
Ejaculation
Discharge and release of semen into vagina
72
Circumcision
Surgical removal of foreskin, the tissue covering the tip of the penis

Biology (5 decks)

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