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Biology > Breathing, Gaseous Exchange, & Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Breathing, Gaseous Exchange, & Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory system is responsible for

A

Supplying the body’s cells with oxygen and for removing carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Animal examples + respiratory system

A
  • Fish: gills
  • Frogs: skin & lungs
  • Bird: air sacs
  • Insects: spiracles
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3
Q

Processes collectively referred to as metabolism:

A
  • Living cells grow
  • Living cells divide
  • Living cells make substances
    All organisms are made of living cells
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4
Q

_______ is released during ______

A

Chemical energy
Cellular respiration

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5
Q

All metabolic activities takes place in cells require

A

Chemical energy

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6
Q

Chemical energy is stored in

A

Bonds of organic compounds

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7
Q

Organic compounds are made by

A

Autotrophic organisms during process of photosynthesis: absorbs sun’s energy and change it into chemical energy

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8
Q

Organic compounds supply

A

Cells of an autotroph with energy needed to function

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9
Q

Compounds that are not used

A

Stored in the form in starch

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10
Q

When an animal eats a plant…

A

It consumes stored compounds and thus stored energy. Stored energy is absorbed into the blood which takes them to the cells of the body

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11
Q

ATP

A

Heat energy

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12
Q

In the presence of ______

A

Oxygen
Respiration is most efficient

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13
Q

During cellular respiration:

A
  • Energy is released (is useful to the body)
  • CO2 is released (a waste)
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14
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in

A

Mitochondria of all living cells

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15
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose + Oxygen + = Energy (ATP/Heat energy) + CO2 + Water

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16
Q

Cellular respiration is opposite of

A

Photosynthesis

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Radiant energy converted into chemical energy

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18
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

CO2 + Water ➡️ Glucose + Oxygen

(light energy) = ➡️

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19
Q

Respiratory system is responsible for

A
  • Providing oxygen needed by the body
  • Removing carbon dioxide produced by the body
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20
Q

How oxygen is obtained in plants

A
  • Diffusion through stomata
  • Photosynthesis
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21
Q

How oxygen is obtained in animals

A
  • Breathing
  • Gaseous exchange
  • Diffusion into the blood
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22
Q

Respiration takes place

A

In cells to release energy when oxygen is combined with glucose and other nutrients

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23
Q

Inhalation/inspiration

A
  • Air is breathed to get oxygen
  • Increased volume, decreased pressure
  • Active process
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24
Q

Exhalation/expiration

A
  • Carbon dioxide is produced during cellular respiration and is toxic. Needs to be breathed out
  • Decreased volume and increased pressure
  • Passive process
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25
Q

Gases are exchanged at the

A

Surface of the lungs & alveolus

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26
Q

Respiratory system consists of

A
  • Air passages
  • Two elastic lungs
  • Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles between ribs
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27
Q

Inhaled air travels to the lungs

A

Beginning in the nose and mouth ➡️ throat ➡️ larynx/“voice box” ➡️ trachea ➡️ lungs

28
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • Well supplied with blood capillaries, mucus glands and cells with tiny hairs called cilia
29
Q

Cool dry air breathed in must be

A
  • Moistened by mucus
  • Warmed by blood capillaries
  • Filtered and cleaned by cilia
30
Q

Cells lining nasal cavities and trachea make slimy mucus to:

A

Trap dust and germs

31
Q

Cilia beat rhythmically to

A
  • Remove/sweep mucus and dirt/foreign objects from nasal cavity & lungs
32
Q

Larynx

A
  • Contains vocal cords
  • When air blows over these, sounds are made
33
Q

Trachea

A
  • Runs from larynx to lungs branching into bronchioles
  • Kept open by c-shaped rings of cartilage: allows trachea to squash a little as food passes down the oesophagus
  • Oesophagus lies directly behind trachea
34
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Branch into a network of fine tubes: bronchioles
  • Bronchioles divide into millions of air sacs: alveoli
  • Bronchioles function: carry air, which contains oxygen to the different areas of the lungs
35
Q

Lungs physical characteristics:

A
  • Spongey, elastic organs made up of millions of air spaces: alveoli
  • Pink colour: richly supplied with blood vessels
  • Left lung 2 lobes; right lungs 3 lobes: heart sits between lungs and slanted more left so left lung is smaller to accommodate it
36
Q

Alveolus

A

Very thin wall and surrounded by blood capillaries

37
Q

Role of pleural membrane

A
  • Protect and cushion lungs
  • Reduce any friction which may develop between the lungs, rib cage and chest cavity
38
Q

Fluid between lungs and pleural membrane

A

Pleural fluid

39
Q

Function of pleural fluid

A
  • Acts as a protective layer
  • Fluid lubricates the lungs as they move in and out (inflate and deflate)
40
Q

Diaphragm

A

Very important structure in whole breathing process: movements of diaphragm controls breathing

41
Q

Intercostal muscles

A
  • Muscle between ribs
  • Play important role in breathing process: movement of intercostal muscles controls breathing
  • Function: pulls ribs downwards causing elastic lungs to spring back to squeeze air out (requires no energy) and air is forced out of lungs
42
Q

Ciliated glandular columnar epithelium

A
  • Trachea, bronchi and nasal passages are lined with ciliated glandular columnar epithelium
  • Goblet cells secrete sticky substance called mucus
43
Q

Squamous epithelium

A
  • Tissues consist of very thin, flat cells that are 1 cell thick
  • Forms walls of alveoli and blood capillaries
  • Oxygen flows through 2 cells to go through capillaries (lining of alveoli + lining of blood capillaries): makes distance for gases to diffuse more shorter, efficient and effective
44
Q

Primary function of lungs

A

Gaseous exchange

45
Q

Each alveoli

A

Has a network of capillaries that carry deoxygenated blood, needing to get oxygen from lungs

46
Q

Gaseous exchange in lungs

A
  • Oxygen moves from alveolar space (high concentration of O2) into red blood cells (low concentration of O2) by diffusion
  • CO2 is in blood cells of capillaries
  • Carbon dioxide moves from blood (high concentration of CO2) into alveoli (low concentration of CO2) by diffusion
47
Q

Diffusion happens very quickly because

A
  • Surface area of alveoli is huge
  • Membranes separating lungs from red blood cells are very thin
48
Q

Oxygen must

A

Dissolve into the moisture lining the alveolus before it diffuses

49
Q

Blood that leaves lungs

A
  • Blood circulating around the body will be oxygenated by absorbing oxygen from alveoli
  • Cells absorb oxygen for use during respiration
  • CO2 produced during cellular respiration diffuses out of cells into blood
  • Blood that is deoxygenated returns to lungs
50
Q

To respire aerobically

A

Muscles need glucose and oxygen which is delivered to the muscles by blood system

51
Q

During vigorous exercise

A

Heart and lungs cannot get enough oxygen to muscles quickly enough: muscles then start to carry out anaerobic respiration

52
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • Glucose is only partly broken down to lactic acid (waste product) which slowly starts to poison muscles causing pain and stiffness of muscles
  • Breathing is faster & deeper to get extra oxygen
53
Q

Waste product produced in plants during anaerobic respiration

A

Ethanol

54
Q

Extra oxygen after anaerobic respiration

A

Breaks down lactic acid and is called oxygen debt

55
Q

Anaerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration:

A
  • Does not need oxygen
  • Does not produce as much ATP
  • Lasts from a short amount of time
56
Q

Anaerobic respiration formula

A

Glucose ➡️ Lactic acid + Energy

57
Q

Anaerobic respiration: Plants formula

A

Glucose ➡️ Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy

58
Q

Smoking

A
  • Tar & nicotine in cigarette smoke irritate lung tissue & contain several cancer causing agents
  • Smoker’s air passages become coated with sticky tar
  • Tar paralyses cilia: cilia can no longer sweep tar away from lungs
  • Tar builds up (over years): changing surface cells of passages (cells increase: lung cancer appears)
  • Nicotine makes heart beat faster = heart disease
59
Q

Smoking causes

A

Damages health: heart and lung diseases

60
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Most common cause: smoking
  • Walls of air sacs weakened by chemicals in tobacco smoke
  • Coughing can burst air sacs, damaging lung tissue (creates larger spaces)
  • Alveolar walls damaged causing loss of elasticity & decrease in surface area for gaseous exchange
  • Damaged alveoli joint & tidal volume decreased
61
Q

Emphysema: when lungs cant take in enough oxygen

A
  • Result is breathlessness in patient
  • Hard to breathe in & out - must work to exhale air
62
Q

Emphysema symptoms

A
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
  • Breathless
  • Fatigué
  • Coughing up phlegm
  • Bronchitis
63
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Caused by type of bacteria
  • Spread when a person breathes in small particles of mucus which carry bacteria
64
Q

Symptoms of tuberculosis

A
  • Continuous cough
  • Loss of weight
  • Loss of appetite
  • Coughing up blood
  • Breathlessness
65
Q

Usual treatment for TB

A
  • 2 antibiotics (isoniazid & rifampicin) 6 months
  • after taking antibiotics for 2 weeks: most people are no longer infectious & feel better
66
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles: caused by bacteria
  • Produce a lot of thick mucus called phlegm (when infected) making breathing difficult
67
Q

Asthma

A
  • Occurs when people are allergic to substances e.g. pollen, dust and breathe them in
  • Body reacts by constricting the bronchiole (making them narrower) making breathing difficult

Biology (5 decks)

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