The Equine Foot

Question 1

physical exam of the foot

Answer 1

Hoof testers / Palpation
Percussion
Response to local analgesia

Question 2

imaging of the foot

Answer 2

radiographs
CT
MRI

Question 3

Bone and soft tissues inside thick hoof capsule

Answer 3

Dorsal DIP joint capsule
DIP joint collateral ligaments
Collateral cartilages
(Distal recess DFTS + DDFT)

Question 4

Nail prick - define

Answer 4

Nail driven trough the sensitive laminae

Question 5

Nail bind - define

Answer 5

Nail driven too close to sensitive laminae

Question 6

Septic Pedal Osteitis - treatment

Answer 6

curattage

wound care

Question 7

hoof cracks

Answer 7

Disruption of hoof wall parallel to horn tubules + lamellae

Can extend into sensitive laminae

Question 8

hoof cracks - aetiology

Answer 8

Poor horn quality
Thin hoof wall
Abnormal hoof angles

Question 9

hoof cracks - treatment

Answer 9

various methods of closing the crack e.g. wires/plates

Question 10

Hoof Wall Avulsions - define

Answer 10

Damage to coronary band

Question 11

Hoof Wall Avulsions - effect

Answer 11

Permanently disturbed growth

Question 12

keratoma - define

Answer 12

Columnar thickening of hoof horn extending towards inside of hoof

Question 13

keratoma - aetiology

Answer 13

Mechanical irritation

Hoof abscess

Question 14

keratoma - effect

Answer 14

Increased local pressure

Typical lysis distal phalanx

Question 15

Thrush

Answer 15

Infection leading to necrotic processes in frog area

Usually limited to lateral & medial sulci of the frog

Question 16

Canker

Answer 16

Mixed bacterial infection in deeper tissue layers of the
entire frog and heel leads to disintegration intertubular
horn

Question 17

Canker - predisposing environment

Answer 17

Warm, humid

Question 18

Canket - clinical signs

Answer 18

Cheesy white pus, pungent odour, tendency to bleed

Question 19

white line disease

Answer 19

Deterioration of white line of hoof capsule
loss of bond between hoof wall and sole
Poor quality horn gets colonised by different bacteria and funghi
Warm, humid environment

Question 20

white line disease - treatment

Answer 20

Meticulous daily hoof care
Stall hygiene
Debridement of all necrotic + diseased horn
Disinfect area
Sensitive lamina - Protective bandage
Sulci - Hardening solutions - Formalin + Alternatives

Question 21

Hoof Abscesses

Answer 21

Various clinical signs
Shod and unshod horses
Infection on area of sensitive lamina after bacterial penetration
fairly common

Question 22

Quittor

Answer 22

Infection collateral cartilage

Question 23

Bipartite Navicular Bones

Answer 23

Congenital anomaly

Question 24

Bipartite Navicular Bones - effects

Answer 24

Important DD to fractures (usually lamer)

Can result in chronic lameness & DIP joint OA

Question 25

what is the Navicular Syndrome

Answer 25

palmer heel pain

Question 26

Navicular Syndrome - structures involved

Answer 26

``` Navicular bone Navicular bursa Deep digital flexor tendon DIP joint Collateral ligaments DIP joint ```

Question 27

Navicular Syndrome - clinical presentation

Answer 27

``` 1/3 of all chronic forelimb lameness 6-12 year old horses, taller, lighter breeds Usually bilateral Insidious onset Occasionally “toe first” gait ```

Question 28

Navicular Syndrome - diagnosis

Answer 28

``` Hx Toe elevation may increase lameness Hoof testers - usually -ve +ve response to PDNB Radiography Advanced Imaging - MRI, CT, Nuclear scintigraphy, Ultrasonography ```

Question 29

points to block in the foot

Answer 29

coffin joint DFTS navicular bursa

Question 30

different approach techniques to distal interphalangeal blocks

Answer 30

Dorsal Midline Approach Approach Lateral / Medial to Extensor Tendon Palmar / Plantar Approach

Question 31

different approach techniques to navicular bursa blocks

Answer 31

Midline – Navicular Position Horizontal Approach Midline – Navicular Position 30°Oblique Approach Lateral Palmar / Plantar Approach

Question 32

Osseous cyst-like lesions

Answer 32

Midline P3: Near collateral ligament Verify significance also in navilcular bone + middle phalanx

Question 33

Osseous cyst-like lesions - treatment

Answer 33

Arthroscopy Drilling (Forage) Medication DIP Joint

Question 34

DIP Joint Osteoarthritis - Treatment

Answer 34

Intraarticular Medication - Sodium hyaluronate, Corticosteroids, Il-1 receptor antagonist protein, (PSGAG) Prolonged use of NSAIDs Corrective farriery

Question 35

Pedal Osteitis

Answer 35

Repetitive concussion leads to chronic infl of laminae | bone resorption