Bovine, ovine and porcine lameness

Question 1

most common foot problems seen

Answer 1

ulcers
white line disease
toe necrosis
interdigital hyperplasia
digital dermatitis

Question 2

percentage of problems - hind vs front feet

Answer 2

92% hind

Question 3

score 0

Answer 3

walks with even weight bearing + rhythm

long fluid strides

Question 4

score 1

Answer 4

steps uneven/steps shortened

affected limb/s not immediately identifiable

Question 5

score 2

Answer 5

uneven weight bearing on a limb that’s immediately identifiable
+/- obviously shorted strides

Question 6

score 3

Answer 6

unable to walk as fast as brisk human pace

Question 7

5 steps of hoof trimming

Answer 7

Create a foot angle of 52 degrees 
balance between claws 
Transfer weight from sole onto the wall, toe and heel 
Remove weight from a painful claw 
Remove loose or sharp horn

Question 8

sole ulcer (SU)- treatment

Answer 8

5 step trim
Antibacterial treatment 
NSAIDs 
Nursing and clean yard 
Promote wound healing

Question 9

sole ulcer - prognosis

Answer 9

generally ok
recurrence next lactation possible
reduced fertility + lifespan in herd; milk
should recover in several weeks

Question 10

Acidosis does not appear to directly cause…

Answer 10

claw horn lesions

Question 11

Most claw horn disease stems from…

Answer 11

environmental conditions

Question 12

biotin effects

Answer 12

may improve claw horn quality + reduce white line lesions

Question 13

Pathogenesis of sole ulcers

Answer 13

infl in a closed space - causes swelling + pressure

Question 14

Effective herd interventions - SU

Answer 14

Increased straw bedding

incr heifer comfort

Question 15

white line - treatment

Answer 15

Drain pus 
Pare out to allow good drainage 
Cut away dead horn 
Apply a block 
NSAIDs especially if localised swelling of corium 
Apply antibacterial product

Question 16

white line - prognosis

Answer 16

good unless infected with Treponemes

Question 17

white line - presentation

Answer 17

Diseased horn affecting the junction between the sole and wall
bruising (haemorrhage), separation (fissure), abscessation and ulceration

Question 18

white line - pathogenesis

Answer 18

Poor horn quality? 
Wet conditions? 
Stones? 
PIII descent? 
Loss of BCS? 
Thin soles? 
Turns?

Question 19

white line - effective interventions

Answer 19

Biotin

Feeding hay

Question 20

digital dermatitis (DD) treatment - M1

Answer 20

clean, dry , topical oxytetracycline spray

3 consecutive days

Question 21

digital dermatitis (DD) treatment - M2

Answer 21

as M1 + debride with gauze/paper towel and consider bandaging with antibacterial agent

Question 22

digital dermatitis (DD) treatment - M3

Answer 22

as M1

Question 23

digital dermatitis (DD) treatment - M4

Answer 23

clean, debride/debulk (under local as necessary), bandage with antibacterial agent

Question 24

Effective herd interventions - DD

Answer 24

Footbathing
Slurry management
(Biosecurity)

Question 25

Foul

Answer 25

acute bacterial infection of the subcutaneous tissues characterised by symmetrical swelling, separation of the claws and interdigital skin necrosis yielding a pungent odour Often associated with foreign bodies or sand between the claws

Question 26

super-foul

Answer 26

severe, peracute form, possibly involving mixed bacterial | infections

Question 27

foul - treatment

Answer 27

Clean/debride interdigital space Disinfect Licensed injectable antibiotic

Question 28

Corkscrew claw

Answer 28

Bony swelling deep to abaxial coronary band is diagnostic | don't confuse with gross claw overgrowth

Question 29

Corkscrew claw - treatment

Answer 29

Reshape foot as best as possible

Question 30

Claw amputation - method

Answer 30

``` Parenteral antibiotics, NSAIDs & IVRA Incise into interdigital space Embryotomy wire Curette + remove any excess tissue Melolin + pressure dressing Redress block on unaffected digit ```

Question 31

Arthritis in piglets - aetiology

Answer 31

Rarer in outdoor pigs Sporadic opportunist infection in individuals group outbreaks

Question 32

Arthritis in piglets - presentation

Answer 32

2d-weaning Can’t stand; dog sitting Enlarged joints Death – starved, laid upon

Question 33

Arthritis in piglets - diagnosis

Answer 33

Bacteriology – from discharge or PM material

Question 34

Arthritis in piglets - treatment

Answer 34

``` Penicillin Ampicillin Lincomycin Ketoprofen Euthanasia if no response ```

Question 35

lameness in growers

Answer 35

``` Injury – fractures Osteochondrosis dessicans Pantothenic acid def. (rare) Ionophore toxicity (rare) Infectious ```

Question 36

lameness in adults - physical

Answer 36

``` Cartilaginous pathology (osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, dyschondroplasia or degenerative joint disease (DJD)) Bony pathology leading to weakness and fracture ```

Question 37

lameness in adults - infectious arthritis

Answer 37

Erysipelas | Mycoplasma spp

Question 38

lameness in adults - septic laminitis

Answer 38

bush foot due to bacterial infection. Treat lincomycin and NSAIDs

Question 39

main 6 sheep lesions

Answer 39

``` scold foot rot contagious dermatitis shelly hoof foot abscess toe granuloma ```

Question 40

Footrot control

Answer 40

early treatment with parenteral antibiotics + topical spray, with no foot trimming separate sheep lame with foot rot/scald Routine foot trimming - often uneeded

Question 41

The risk of scald progressing to footrot is determined by...

Answer 41

Whether D.nodosus is on the farm The virulence and dose of the D.nodosus The susceptibility of the sheep Whether the sheep is treated promptly before separation of the hoof horn occurs

Question 42

Dichelobacter nodosus

Answer 42

Present on >90% UK sheep farms Lives for up to 7-10 days on pasture Lives up to 6 weeks in hoof clippings Infected sheep are the main reservoir

Question 43

Treatment of footrot

Answer 43

``` Oxytetracycline spray a clean foot Long acting parenteral antibiotic - Oxytetracycline, Amoxicillin Allow sheep to stand on clean concrete Clean up the area Ideally isolate the sheep 14 days ```

Question 44

footrot - prognosis

Answer 44

90% recover in 5 days | If recovered after 14 days, return to flock; If not then retreat

Question 45

treatment of scold

Answer 45

Ewes – as footrot | Lambs –Oxytetracycline spray, stand in clean area, re-spray 5 days if necessary

Question 46

Footvax protocol

Answer 46

``` Vaccinate before high risk periods Primary=twice, 6wks apart Boost 6 monthly Include all sheep Care-risk with self-injection ```

Question 47

Contagious ovine digital dermtaitis (CODD)

Answer 47

Same Treponemes as bovine digital dermatitis | Use Tilmicosin