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MICR2120 Cell Biology of Disease > The Endothelium > Flashcards

The Endothelium Flashcards

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1
Q

What is endothelial heterogeneity?

A

The endothelial cell is an output-input device, causes response to different surroundings, environments and changes by surrounding to biochemical and mechanical changes.

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2
Q

What are the key physiological functions of the endothelium?

A 
De novo blood vessel network formation
New blood vessel sprouting (angiogenesis)
Vascular homeostasis
Blood clotting
Disease related dysfunctions
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3
Q

What are the key adhesive functions of the endothelium

A
  1. Provides an intracellular barrier
  2. Regulates movement of molecules
  3. Regulates the movement of cells
  4. Barrier function can regulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis
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4
Q

What must be controlled in angiogenesis?

A

Dilation - constriction
Growth inhibition - growth promoters
Antithrombosis - prothrombosis
anti-inflammation - pro-inflammation

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5
Q

What could stimulate angiogenesis?

A

Low oxygen or hypoxia

Low oxygen in tumours

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6
Q

What stimulates new blood vessels sprouting?

A

VEGF-A, binds to cognate receptors on the endothelium

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7
Q

What can we now target in fighting tumours?

A

Receptors for communication, growth factors and signalling circuits.

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8
Q

What is angiogenesis dependent on?

A

HIF-1 activity, sensitive to oxygen levels, can be stabilised when the oxygen level drops.

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9
Q

What does HIF-1 regulate?

A

Expression of VGF-A

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10
Q

What do blood vessel sprouts express?

A

DII4

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11
Q

What do stalk cells express?

A

Notch and VEGFR2

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12
Q

What does notch signalling do?

A

Negatively modulates angiogenesis

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13
Q

What does VEGFR2 do?

A

Positively modulates angiogenesis

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14
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Plaques or lesions in the coronary arteries causing MI

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15
Q

What are critical in atherosclerosis?

A

Endothelium-leukocyte interactions

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16
Q

How do leukocytes contribute to atherosclerosis?

A

monocytes differentiate into macrophages which binds accumulated modified LDLs which become foam cells that die

17
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

Platelets rushing to the artery where the lesion is

18
Q

what does nitric oxide do?

A

Role in vascular smooth muscle relaxation
Blocks leukocyte adhesion
Blocks platelet aggregation

19
Q

What is endothelial stem cell therapy?

A

Reform the vascular tube such as the coronary artery after a heart attack

20
Q

What is KSHV?

A

Linked to HIV, infects endothelial cells and promotes endothelial growth and immortalisation
Forms metastatic tumours

21
Q

How does KSHV transform endothelial cells?

A

GPCR blocks cell death, elevates signalling of pro-survival/proliferative growth factors

MICR2120 Cell Biology of Disease (14 decks)

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