The Endocrins System, The Lymphatic System And The Nervous System Flashcards
Neurology
The nervous system
Characteristic of the Central Nervous system
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Brain is the largest and most complex portion
Brain stem connects the brain and the spinal cord
What is the brain also known as
Encephalon
What are the divisions of the brain?
Cerebrum largest part of the brain
Cerebellum- posterior, smaller portion of the brain. Posterior and inferior to the cerebrum
Brain stem- composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. All attach the brain to the spinal cord.
Divisions of the brain
Ventricles - for cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Meninges- composed of three layers
-dura mater- outmost layer
-arachnoid mater - middle layer
-pia mater- innermost layer
Cerebrospinal fluid- completely surrounds brain and spinal cord.
Spinal cord
Two functions
Center for spinal reflexes
Sends nerve impulses to and from the brain
Has 31 segment and each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of the nerves that branch from the CNS
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Endocrine glands
Secrete substances into the internal environment i.e. hormones secreted into the blood stream
Exocrine glands
Substances secreted externally, i.e sweat released to the surface of the skin
Paracrine glands
Substances secreted into surrounding cells and act as “messengers” to stimulate the activity of those cells.
Nervous system
Neurology
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
includes the brain (or encephalon) and the spinal cord.
brain is the largest and most complex part.
is the largest and most complex part.
The brain has 3 part
the cerebrum (largest part; “gray matter”), the cerebellum (posterior, inferior to the cerebrum, smaller portion), and the brain stem (comprised of—from top to bottom
the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata).
midbrain
the pons, and the medulla oblongata)
brainstem
connects the brain and the spinal cord.
cranial nerves
12
brain
purge is creamy, white and/or pink when tinged with blood.
brain has spaces
called ventricles
ventricles
that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
1st and 2nd ventricles
in each cerebral hemisphere
3rd ventricle
is anterior to the cerebellum.
4th ventricle
is located at most inferior portion of the cerebellum.
Meniges
cover the entire brain and brain stem. It is composed of three layers: the dura mater (most superficial layer, very “dura”ble or tough); the arachnoid mater (looks like a web, blood supply source); and the pia mater (similar to saran wrap, deepest layer).
Sulci
plural of sulcus) are the lines in the gray matter of the brain.
Gyri
plural of gyrus) or convolutions are the mounds or bumps of the gray matter.
longitudinal fissure
separates the hemispheres of the brain.
PEROPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
is comprised of all other nerves in the body.
The lymphatic system
is strongly correlated to immunity—going all the way back to chapter three with lymphocytes (monocytes) being agranular and “eating” disease in the body. The system distributes white blood cells to fight infection.
Lymph nodes/glands are located
CERVICAL: neck
o AXILLARY: under arms
o THORACIC: thoracic cage
o INGUINAL: Groin
Organs of the lymphatic system include:
TONSILS (didn’t really discuss)
o SPLEEN: Largest organ of the lymphatic system; shaped like a tongue. Inferior/posterior to the stomach. Due to the amount of infection it holds, it could be toxic if it ruptures.
o THYMUS: This is where white blood cells originate (t-lymphocytes). Sits on top of the heart. The thymus is larger in infancy because infants have no exposure/immunity to anything. It is much smaller as you age/develop immunity.
cistern chyli
is important to remember as the central location or the distribution center of the lymphatic system.
General characteristics of the central nervous system
Consist of the brain and the spinal cord
Brain is the largest and most complex portion
Brainstem connects the brain and the spinal cord
The brain is also known as
Encephalopathy
Divisions of the brain
Cerebrum - largest part of the brain
Cerebellum- posterior and inferior to the cerebrum
Brain stem- composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. All attach the brain to the spinal cord.
Divisions of the brain (cont)
Ventricles- 4 cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Meninges- composed of three layers
-dura mater- outermost layer
-arachnoid mater- middle layer
-pia mater - innermost layer
Cerebrospinal fluid- completely surrounds brain and spinal cord
Divisions of the brain (con’t)
Spinal cord- two functions
Center for spinal reflexes
Sends nerve impulses to and from the brain
Has 31 segments and each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
The peripheral nervous system
Consists of the nerves that branch from the CNS
Cranial nerves , spinal nerves
Endocrine glands x
Secrete substances into the internal environment
Hormones secreted into the blood stream
Experience glands
Substances secreted externally , sweat released to the surface of the skin.
Paracrine glands
Substances secreted into surrounding cells an act as “messengers” to stimulate the activity of those cells.
Location/ function of the endocrine glands
Pituitary- brain
Thyroid- throat
Parathyroids- throats
Suprarenals(adrenals)- superior to the kidneys
Gonads- reproductive organs
Pancreatic islet ( islets of langerhans)- pancreas
The lymphatic system functions
Transportation of intersititual fluids
Fight infection
Location of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Cisterns chili
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic structures
-Lymph nodes
Lymph organs
- Tonsil
- Spleen
- Thymus
