Cardiovascular System Flashcards
cardiovascular system
includes the heart and blood vessels.
What is the pericardium?
The covering that encloses the heart
Three layers of the heart in order from inside to outside with the inside layer at the top.
Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium
Bradycardia is associated with ____________ heartbeat
Slow
Tachycardia is associated with __________ heartbeat
Fast
How many hollow chambers are found in the heart?
Four
What organ is housed within the thoracic cavity
Heart
The membranous sac that covers the heart and the proximal ends of the heart’s associated blood vessels is called the
pericardium
The thin walled upper chambers of the heart that receive blood returning to the heart are called
Atria
The ventricles are
The thicker lower chambers of the heart
The heart is housed within the mediastinum and rets on the _______, a muscle.
Diaphragm
The ____ are the upper, thin-walled chambers of the heart.
Atria
The interventricular __________ prevents mixing blood between the ventricles.
septum
Which valves ensure one-way blood flow between the atria and the ventricles on each side of the heart?
atrioventricular valves
The specific valve name that is located between the right atrium and ventricle is the __________ valve.
Tricuspid
The interventricular _________ prevent mixing blood between the ventricles.
Interventricular Septum
The atrioventricular valves allow one-way blood flow from the _______ to the __________.
Atria; Ventricles
Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
The small clumps of muscle to which the chordae tendineae are attached are called the ______ muscles.
Papillary
The valve found between the right ventricle and the lungs is called the ______ valve.
Pulmonary
Always remember Artieries the A’s
Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Remember ‘A’ for arteries and away
How do myocardial cells of the heart receive oxygen-rich blood?
From blood in the coronary arteries
Function of the Circulatory system
To circulate substances (such as blood) throughout the body. The system is a closed, continuous system.
Cardiology
The study of the heart and diseases associated with it
MAJOR Organ
Heart
Where is the heart located
The pericardial cavity in the mediastinum
What is the size of the heart ?
Roughly the size of a closed fist and about 300 grams
Apex
Bottom “point of heart”
Base
Top or greatest width of the heart
What’s are the layers of the heart ?
- Endocardium, the innermost layer smooth lining of chambers and valves.
- Myocardium, the middle, cardiac muscle layer (blood is supplied to the myocardium by the coronary artery.
- Epicardium, the outermost layer (visceral pericardium)
How many chambers the heart?
4
What’s are the four names of the chambers?
Two atria , two ventricles
Right and left Altria- small thin-walled, upper chambers separated by inreratrial septum
Right and left ventricles -two, larger lower chambers separated by inter-ventricular septum
Greatest blood volume
Right atrium
Hardest working chamber of the heart?
Left ventricle
How many valves the heart have ?
Four heart valves
tricuspid (right atrioventicular) valve
Lies between the right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid (left atrioventricular) or mitral valve
Lies between the left atrium and ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar (SL) valve
Is within the pulmonary trunk (right side)
Aortic SL valve
Is located within the aorta (left side)
Valves are unidirectional
Valves are unidirectional
What happen control valve flaps and blood flow?
Papillary muscles and chordate tendinae
What are the types of circulation?
Pulmonary and system
Pulmonary
Blood moves from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation than back to the heart; takes place on the right side of the heart (pulmonary circuit).
System
Oxygenated blood moves from the heart to the rest of the body; takes place in the left side of the heart (systemic circuit).
Artieries
Carry blood AWAY from the heart; high in O2 and low in CO2; deeper than veins with thicker walls; blood is in higher pressure; have a creamy appearance; noted in red on anatomical drawings.
What is the 3 layers of arteries
Tunica interna : innermost layer around the lumen (opening-smaller in arteries).
Tunica media: thickest and middle layer: very thick in arteries.
Tunica external: outermost layer that gives rise to capillaries
Arterioles
Thinner vessels off arteries that also have three layers.
Capillaries (vaso vasorum)
Endothelium and cardiac tissue; thin walls allow gas to permeate; this is the site of gas exchange in the circulatory system (it’s where arteries and veins ‘switch,’ purple-ish color);
collateral circulation
is what occurs when the walls of capillaries allow diffusion to occur.
Anastomoses
The uniting of arteries to provide alternate routes of circulation
Aorta
Largest artery in the body;
What’s the part of the Aorta
ascending aorta (up from heart), aortic arch (curved portion where arteries branch off), descending aorta (runs along posterior of heart), thoracic aorta (above diaphragm), and abdominal aorta (below diaphragm). Superiror/inferior vena cava is its accompanying vein.
Branches off the aorta
Brachiocephalic (right subclavian, right carotid), left common carotid, and left subclavian.
Pulmonary Artery
Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs; the ONLY unoxygenated/blue artery on anatomical diagrams.
Coronary Arteries
Provides blood to myocardium.
VEINS
Carry blood TO the heart; high in CO2 and low in O2; more superficial than arteries with thinner walls; blood is lower pressure than in arteries; have a clear appearance; have unidirectional valves to assist blood in getting back to the heart (especially useful in legs/gravity); noted in blue on anatomical drawings.
What are the three layers of VEINS?
▪ Tunica Interna (intima): Innermost layer around the lumen (opening—larger in veins).
▪ Tunica Media: Thickest and middle layer; very thin in veins.
▪ Tunica Externa (Adventitia): Outermost layer.
Venules
Extend from capillaries and become veins; carry blood back to the heart.
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Largest veins (superior brings blood from head and upper limbs; inferior from the trunk and lower limbs). Aorta is its accompanying artery.
Pulmonary Veins:
Carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium; the ONLY oxygenated/red veins on anatomical diagrams.
Coronary sinus
Place where pulmonary veins pass into heart.
Great Saphenous
Longest vein in the body. No accompanying artery.
LINEAR GUIDE
An imaginary line drawn on the surface of the body to represent the approximate location of some internal structure (clue words are “line drawn”).
Left/Right Common Carotid Artery:
A line drawn from the sternoclavicular articulation to the anterior lobe of the ear.
Axillary
A line drawn through the center of the axillary space and parallel to the long axis when abducted.
Brachial
A line drawn from the base of the axillary space to the center of the bend of the elbow.
Femoral
A line drawn on the surface of the thigh from the center of the inguinal ligament to the center point on the medial condyle of the femur.
Dorsalis Pedis
A line drawn from the center of the anterior surface of the ankle joint to a point midway between the first and second toes.
ANATOMICAL GUIDE:
A description of the position of a body part relative to adjacent structures (clue words are “positional” words like “lateral” or “posterior”).
LINEAR GUIDE: An imaginary line drawn on the surface of the body to represent the approximate location of some internal structure (clue words are “line drawn”).
o Left/Right Common Carotid Artery: A line drawn from the sternoclavicular articulation to the anterior lobe of the ear.
o Axillary: A line drawn through the center of the axillary space and parallel to the long axis when abducted.
o Brachial: A line drawn from the base of the axillary space to the center of the bend of the elbow.
o Femoral: A line drawn on the surface of the thigh from the center of the inguinal ligament to the center point on the medial condyle of the femur.
o Dorsalis Pedis: A line drawn from the center of the anterior surface of the ankle joint to a point midway between the first and second toes.
ANATOMICAL GUIDE: A description of the position of a body part relative to adjacent structures (clue words are “positional” words like “lateral” or “posterior”).
Left/Right Common Carotid Artery: Along the medial border of the sternocleidomastoideus musle.
o Axillary: Along the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle.
o Brachial: Lies posterior to the medial border of the belly of the biceps brachii muscle.
o External Iliac: Along the medial border of the psoas major muscle. *autopsy cases
o Popliteal: Below the knee; divides into the posterior and anterior tibial arteries.
ANATOMICAL LIMIT: The point of origin and the point of termination of a body part in relation to adjacent structures (clue words are “begins,” “ends,” “from,” and “extends”).
Left Common Carotid Artery: Begins at the level of the second costal cartilage at the highest point of the arch of the aorta. Extends to the level of the thyroid cartilage.
o Right Common Carotid Artery: Begins at a point behind the sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage.
o Axillary: Begins at the lateral border of the first rib and extends to the lower border of tendon of teres major muscle.
o Brachial: Begins at the lower border of the tendon of teres major muscle and extends to the antecubital fossa.
o Left Subclavian: Begins at the level of the second costal cartilage and extends to the lateral border of the first rib.
o Right Subclavian: Begins at a point behind the sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the lateral border of the first rib.
o Femoral: Begins at a point behind the inguinal ligament and ends at the opening of adductor magnus muscle.
Veins are parallel to the arteries that supplied that particular region with blood. Typically, they have the same name as the arteries with the following exceptions.
Veins of the head and neck:
Jugular veins (head)
- external jugular vein (face and scalp)
Internal Jugular vein (brain)
Veins are parallel to the arteries that supplied that particular region with blood. Typically, they have the same name as the arteries with the following exceptions.
Veins of the head and neck:
Jugular veins (head)
- external jugular vein (face and scalp)
Internal Jugular vein (brain)
Veins of the extremities:
Superficial
- Cephalon veins
- Basilic veins - parallel to the axillary
Deep
Same as the arteries
Brachiocephalic veins
Formed by the union of the subclavian and internal jugular veins.
Superior Vena Cava
(Formed by the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins)
Veins of the upper extremities
Azygous vein (right) and hemiazygous (left)
Veins of the lower extremities
Superficial
- great saphenous vein- the longest vein in the body; extends from the medial ankle to the external iliac vein
- Lesser saphenous veins
Deep
Same as arteries
Common iliac veins
Formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins
Inferior Vena Cava
Formed by the union of the right and left common iliac veins Portal system Lumbar veins Gonadal veins Renal veins Suprarenal veins Inferior phrenic veins Hepatic veins
The study of the heart
Cardiology
Chambers of the heart
Two smaller upper - atria (atrium, singular)
Two larger lower- ventricles
The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
The bicuspid (mitral valve) separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
Wall/layers of the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
All are surrounded by the pericardium
The heart has its own supply of blood via the
Coronary arteries
The two largest veins in the body _______ empty into the right atrium of the heart. The superior vena brings blood from the head and the neck, while the inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower parts of the body
Inferior and superior vena cava
Within the ventricles are ___________ . The papillary muscles within the walls of the ventricles have the “chords” attached to them and to the cusps of the valves. When the muscles contract, the pull the cusps open and blood is able to move into the right ventricle.
Papillary muscles and chordate tendineae
When the right ventricle contacts, it forces blood up through the _________ and out the ________ which will take deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary semilunar valve and pulmonary arteries (blue)
The blood returns from the lungs via the _____ and empty into the left ventricle
pulmonary veins (red)
Upon contraction of the left ventricle, the blood is forced up through the ___________ and through the
Aortic semilunar valve , aorta
The three vessels off of the arch of the aorta in ORDER are
Brachiocephalic
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
The division of the aorta are:
Ascending Aortic arch (arch of the aorta) Descending Thoracic Abdominal
The largest artery
Aorta
The largest vein
Superior and inferior vena cava
Arteries have and accompanying vein of the same name EXCEPT:
Great saphenous (no accompanying artery) Common carotids (jugular veins) Aorta (superior and inferior vena cava)
Arteries
Red (oxygenated blood) Deep No valves Take blood away from the heart Three tunics (layers)
Veins
Blue (deoxygenated blood) Superficial Valves Take blood toward the heart Three tunic ( layers)
Just slightly smaller than an artery are arterioles and venues are smaller than veins
Just slightly smaller than an artery are arterioles and venues are smaller than veins
Capillaries
Are the sites of gas exchange in the circulatory system
Linear guide
An imaginary line
Anatomical guide
An underlying structure to help locate underlying vessels
Anatomical limit
The point where the vessel starts and stops.
Left common carotid
- Anatomical guide: along the medial border of the sternocleidomastoideus muscle.
- Anatomical limit: begins at the level of the second costal cartilage at the highest point of the arch of the aorta. *Extends to the level of the thyroid cartilage
- Linear guide- A line drawn from the sternoclavicular articulation to anterior lobe of the ear.
Right common carotid
*Anatomical guide
Along the medial border of the sternocleidomastoideus muscle
*anatomical limit- begins at a point behind the sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
*linear guide- A line draw from sternoclavicular articulation to the anterior lobe of the ear
Facial
Begins as a branch of the external carotid
Axillary
- Anatomical Guide- along the medial border of the coracobrachialis muscle
- anatomical limit - begins at the lateral border of the first rib and extends to the lower border of tendon of teres major muscle
- linear guide- a line drawn through the center of the axillary space and parallel to the long axis when abducted
Brachial
- Anatomical guide- lies posterior to the medial border of the belly of biceps brachii muscle
- anatomical limit- begins at the lower border of the tendon of teres major muscle and extends to the antecubital fossa
- linear guide - a line drawn through the center of the axillary space and parallel to the long axis when abducted
Radial
- Anatomical guide - lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis muscle
- Anatomical limit - from the antecubital fossa to the palm of the hand
- Linear guide- A line drawn from the antecubital fossa to the index finger
Ulnar
- Anatomical guide- lateral to the tendon of flexor carhop ulnar is muscle between the tendon of flexor carhop ulnar is and flexor digitorum
- Anatomical limit- from the antecubital fossa to the palm of the hand
- Linear guide - a line drawn from the antecubital fossa to a point between the fourth and fifth fingers
Left subclavian
Begins at the level of the second costal cartilage and extends to the lateral border of the first rib.
Right subclavian
Begins at a point behind the sternoclavicular articulation and extends to the lateral border of the first rib
Lower Extremities
External Iliac
Along the medial border of the psoas major muscle
Lower Extremities
Femoral
- Anatomical guide- through the center of the femoral triangle
- Anatomical limit-begins at a point behind the inguinal ligament and ends at the opening of adductor magnus muscle
- Linear guide- a line drawn on the surface of the thigh from the center of the inguinal ligaments to the center point on the medial condole of the femur
Lower extremities
Popliteal
- Anatomical guides- below the knee; divides into posterior and anterior trivial artieres
- Anatomical limits- begins at the opening of the adductor magnum muscle and ends at the inferior border of the popliteal muscle
- Linear guides- a line drawn through the center of the popliteal space parallel to the long axis of the lower extremity.
Lower extremities
Anterior Tibial
- Anatomical limits- Begins at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery and ends to becomes the dorsal is pedis artery
- Linear guides- A line drawn from the lateral border of the patella to the anterior surface of the ankle joint.
Lower extremities
Dorsalis pedis
A line drawn from the center of the anterior surface of the ankle joint to a point midway between the first and second toes.
Arteries Function
Transport blood from heart
Arterioles Function
Connect arteries and capillaries
Veins Function
Reservoir of blood
Capillaries Function
Gas exchange and nutrient transfer
Venules Function
Connect capillaries and veins
Cardiovascular system
The heart and blood vessel constitute the cardiovascular system
Vessels carrying blood towards the heart are
Veins
Vessels that lie between arterioles and veins are
Capillaries
What are the two closed pathways or circuits ?
Pulmonary and systemic circuits .
Pulmonary circuits
Sends oxygen -poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
Systemic circuits
Sends oxygen rich blood and nutrients to all body cells and removes wastes
Venules
Are the microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries and merge to form veins
The veins , which transport blood back to the atria, follow pathways that roughly parallel those of the arteries
The veins , which transport blood back to the atria, follow pathways that roughly parallel those of the arteries
Artery three layers of wall
Endothelial lining, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue and an outer lay of the connective tissue
Arterioles what are the 3 layers of the wall
Smaller arterioles have an endothelial lining, some smooth muscle tissue, and small amount of connective tissue.
Capillary type of wall
Single layer of squamous epithelium
Venule type of wall
Thinner wall than in an arterioles, less smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
Vein type of wall
Thinner wall than an artery but with similar layer; the vein middle layer is much thinner; some veins have flap like valves.
What are the 5 vessel
Artery , arterioles, capillary, venule, vein
Coverings of the heart
A layered pericardium encloses the heart
The pericardial cavity is a space between the parietal and visceral so layer of the pericardium
3 layers of wall of the heart
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Veins from the brain, head, and neck
Jugular veins drain these regions
Jugular veins unite with subclavian veins to formed the brachiocephalic veins.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
GENERAL FUNCTION OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: To circulate substances (such as blood) throughout the body. The system is a closed, continuous system.
ARTERIES
Carry blood AWAY from the heart; high in O2 and low in CO2; deeper than veins with thicker walls; blood is in higher pressure; have a creamy appearance; noted in red on anatomical drawings.
Head
ascending/arch of aorta, (brachiocephalic if on the right), right/left common carotid (external/internal), cerebral and facial .
Arms
ascending/arch of aorta, (brachiocephalic if on the right), subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial/ulnar, and digital.
Legs
descending aorta, right/left common iliacs (external/internal), femoral, popliteal, (anterior/posterior) tibial, and dorsalis pedis.
VEINS
Carry blood TO the heart; high in CO2 and low in O2; more superficial than arteries with thinner walls; blood is lower pressure than in arteries; have a clear appearance; have unidirectional valves to assist blood in getting back to the heart (especially useful in legs/gravity); noted in blue on anatomical drawings.
Veins
have an accompanying artery of same name EXCEPT superior/inferior vena cava (aorta) and the jugular veins (carotids). Also there is no accompanying artery for the great saphenous and basilica veins. *Basilic vein is the most medial (between the radial and the brachial).
Order of movement TO THE HEART:
Head: facial and cerebral, right/left common carotid (external/internal), (brachiocephalic if on the right), and arch of/ascending aorta.
▪ Arms: digital, ulnar/radial, brachial, axillary, subclavian, (brachiocephalic if on the right), and arch of/ascending aorta.
▪ Legs: dorsalis pedis, (anterior/posterior) tibial, popliteal, femoral, right/left common iliacs (external/internal) and descending aorta.
Circle of Willis
Formed by the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries , which join the internal carotid arteries. Basilar artery also connects at base of brain (this is NOT the basilic vein of arm). Pituitary glands sits nested in circle of Willis.
