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FNS121 > Digestive and Reproductive > Flashcards

Digestive and Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Average digestive tract can be up to ? (Meters)

A

8 meters long

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2
Q

What is Digestion?

A

It is the process of breaking down all foods into usable nutrients for absorption into the bloodstream

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3
Q

Mouth

A

Also known as the “oral cavity;” involved in chemical and mechanical digestion; contains teeth (adults have 32, mechanical digestion) and palate (roof of oral cavity): hard palate is anterior; soft palate is posterior

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4
Q

Digestive System Function

A

Basically everything from ingestion to defecation

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5
Q

Mechanical digestive #1

A

Mastication (chewing) involving the teeth, tougher, and palate

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6
Q

Chemical digestion #2

A

Saliva starts to break down food.

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7
Q

What are the accessory organs? Aid in chemical digestive

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

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8
Q

Mechanical digestive

A

Breaks large pieces of food into smaller ones without altering their chemical composition.

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9
Q

Chemical digestive

A

Breaks down larger nutrient molecules into simper chemicals, allowing them to be absorbed.

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10
Q

What does the digestive system consists of ?

A

Digestive tract

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11
Q

Accessory Organs also includes

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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12
Q

Propulsion

A

Tongue aids in swallowing/propelling food down “food tube” or esophagus. Peristalsis is the process that takes place in the esophagus (smooth muscle contractions) to move or propel the food into the stomach.

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13
Q

Mechanical digestion #2

A

Rugae, or folds, in the stomach work to break up and digest food.

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14
Q

Chemical digestion #2:

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves food further.

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15
Q

Absorption

A

The small intestine is the site of the greatest amount of nutrient absorption. The large intestine (colon) absorbs water and packages waste for disposal.

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16
Q

Defecation

A

Waste and undigested materials passing outside the body in the form of feces.

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17
Q

What are the two basic types for motor functions?

A

Mixing movements and propelling movements

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18
Q

Mixing occurs when ? (Motor functions)

A

Occurs when smooth muscle in small segments of the tube contracts rhythmically.

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19
Q

Tongue

A

Propels food to the back of the throat; all muscle and attached to the floor of the oral cavity via the lingual frenulum

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20
Q

Pharynx

A

Posterior portion of the oral cavity that allows food to pass aka the ‘throat’ (pharynx means ‘throat’); three parts: nasopharynx (nose-throat), oropharynx (mouth-throat), and laryngopharynx (where larynx-pharynx meet)

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21
Q

Esophagus

A

Also called the “food tube;” this is the passageway from the mouth to the stomach; lined with smooth muscle; peristalsis occurs here; there is a cardiac or esophageal sphincter at the bottom to control flow into stomach

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22
Q

Stomach

A

Performs both chemical (HCl) and mechanical (rugae) digestion; Has 4 regions, three to know: fundic—superior, balloon-like portion; body—main width of the organ; pyloric—inferior region where the pyloric sphincter is located (regulates when food can move into the small intestines); the stomach also has three layers: mucosa—first internal layer that protects lining from HCl; submucosa; visceral peritoneum—outermost layer (one that would be pierced in embalming process)

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23
Q

Small intestine

A

Involved in mineral and nutrient absorption; has three main portions: duodenum is the first portion of the small intestine (it branches off the stomach at the pyloric sphincter); jejunum is the very coiled portion that is held together by mesentery; and the ileum is the portion leading straight out to the large intestine or colon; the ileocecal sphincter controls flow into the large intestine

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24
Q

Large intestine:

A

Responsible for water absorption; inferior to the small intestine; has several portions: cecum—connects it to the small intestine at the ileocecal sphincter; ascending colon—rises up right side of abdomen; transverse colon—transverses or crosses abdomen; descending colon—runs down left side of abdomen; sigmoid colon—last turn of colon before (finally) the rectum and anus; anal sphincter allows body to pass waste and undigested matter as feces

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25
Q

Salivary glands:

A

Involved with chemical digestion as they secrete saliva; three major: parotid (located at angle of ear, beneath ear lobe), submandibular (beneath mandible, “sour” spot), and sublingual (beneath tongue)

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26
Q

Liver

A

The largest internal organ; the liver produces and secretes bile, filters blood, and breaks down fats/sugars; has 4 lobes: right—largest anterior, left—second largest (also anterior), quadrate—posterior superior, caudate—posterior superior; blood supplied by the hepatic artery and sent back to heart via the hepatic portal vein; “hepa” means liver, ex. hepatitis

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27
Q

Gallbladder

A

Located behind the liver (on inferior/underside); stores bile between meals; if liver is unhealthy then gallbladder could form choleliths (gallstones) via cholelithiasis; cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder

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28
Q

Pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal (toward lumbar region, behind stomach); some say it looks like a shrimp; secretes glucagon and insulin and serves as an endocrine organ as well

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29
Q

Appendix

A

The appendix sits right next to the ileocecal sphincter (between small/large intestines) which is a highly toxic area—this is why appendicitis can be toxic and fatal

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30
Q

Rugae

A

Stomach folds that aid in mechanical digestion and ‘growl’ when hungry

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31
Q

Sphincter

A

Round muscle, often controls when substances pass on to next phase of digestion (anal is only one that can be voluntarily controlled)

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32
Q

Diabetes

A

Related to pancreas

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33
Q

For embalming

A

Mouth is fixed or posed pre-embalming as it is the most dominant feature in death

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34
Q

What are the main functions of the digestive system ?

A

Digestion and absorption

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35
Q

What is the digestive tract ?

A

A continuous passage to beginning at the mouth, where food is taken in and termination at the anus, where the solid waste products of digestion are expelled from the body

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36
Q

Accessory organ

A

Which are necessary for the digestive process but are not direct part of the digestive tract. They release substances into he digestive tract through duct

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37
Q

Mouth what’s the functions

A

Chemical and mechanical digestive

Known as oral cavity

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38
Q

Tongue what is the functions

A

Propels food to the back of the throat

All muscle; attached to the floor via the lingual frenelum

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39
Q

Palate Function

A

Roof of the oral cavity
Anterior region – hard
Posterior region - soft

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40
Q

Teeth Function

A

Mechanical digestion

Adult humans- 32

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41
Q

Salivary glands Function

A

Chemical digestion

Secrete saliva; three major: parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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42
Q

Pharynx Function

A

Posterior portion of the oral cavity that allows food to pass (a.k.a. – throat)
Three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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43
Q

Esophagus Function

A

Passageway from the throat to the stomach

Lined with smooth muscle; peristalsis occurs here

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44
Q

Stomach Function

A

Chemical (HCl) and mechanical (rugae) digestion
Regions: cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric.
Has rugae which aid in mechanical digestion

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45
Q

Pancreas Function

A

Secretes glucagon and insulin; serves as an endocrine organ as well
Retroperitoneal (Anatomical space located behind the abdominal or peritoneal cavity)

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46
Q

Liver Function

A
  • (largest internal organ)
  • Produces and secretes bile, filter blood of toxins, break down fats and sugars
  • Has 4 lobes: right, left, quadrate and caudate; blood supplied by hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
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47
Q

Gallbladder Function

A

Stores bile in between meals

Inferior (underside) of the liver

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48
Q

Small intestine Function

A

Mineral and nutrient absorption
Three regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
Mesentery holds all together

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49
Q

Large Intestine

A

Water absorption
Regions: cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. Final regions of the large intestine – rectum and anus

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50
Q

whats are the functions of the digestive system ?

A

Ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, propulsion, absorption and decation

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51
Q

Accessory organs (Name)

A

Salivary glands , liver , gallbladder , pancreas

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52
Q

Alimentary canal (name)

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

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53
Q

List the organs in the tongue to duodenum ?

A

Tongue , esophagus, stomach, gallbladder , duodenum, and pancreas

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54
Q

Small intestine what’s the two functions called ?

A

Jejunum and oleum

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55
Q

Large intestine what’s the function within large intestine ?

A

Appendix , cecum , large intestine , and anus

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56
Q

What’s does the mouth prepared for after mechanical digestion?

A

Chemical digestive

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57
Q

What are 6 parts of the Tongue ?

A

Root, body, papillae, palatine tonsil, lingual tonsils, and epiglottis

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58
Q

What’s are the parts of the salivary glands

A

Parotid gland, masseter muscle, submandibular gland, tongue, mandible , sublingual gland, and submandibular duct

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59
Q

Parotid Glands

A

Clear
Water , serous fluid
Rich in amylase

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60
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Primarily serous fluid

Some mucus

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61
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Primarily mucus

Most viscous

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62
Q

Liver functions :

A

Produces glycogen from glucose
Break down glycogen into glucose
Convert non carbohydrates to glucose
Oxidizes fatty acids
Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Convert carbohydrates and proteins into fats
Removes toxins from blood
Produces and secretes
Stores glycogen, vitamins A,D, B12, Iron and Blood

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63
Q

Composition of Bile

A 
Water 
Bile salts 
Emulsification of fats
Absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins
Bile pigments
Cholesterol 
Electrolytes
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64
Q

Three parts of the Small Intestine

A

Duodenum , jejunum, and ileum. It’s helps to further digest food coming from the stomach

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65
Q

Mesentery

A

Suspends portions of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall

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66
Q

Movements of the small intestine

A

Mixing movements
Peristalsis - pushing movements
Over distended wall triggers peristaltic rush resulting in diarrhea.

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67
Q

Functions of Large intestine

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes
Secretes mucus
Forms feces
Carries out defecation

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68
Q

Movements of Large Intestine

A

Slower and less frequent than those of small intestine
Peristalsis
Mass movements usually follow meals

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69
Q

What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called

A

Digestion

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70
Q

The digestive system is also known as the

A

Alimentary canal

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71
Q

List the alimentary Canal from top to bottom

A

Stomach , small intestine , and large intestine

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72
Q

What are functions of mother movements in the alimentary canal ?

A

Move the contents along the tract

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73
Q

Where does the process of digestion firstly begin?

A

Mouth

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74
Q

The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically and then absorbing them is called

A

Digestion

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75
Q

Lips

A

Highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. Lips contains skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods

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76
Q

Digestive system

A

The alimentary canal and accessory organs are part of the digestive system

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77
Q

What’s another word for digestive tract ?

A

Alimentary canal

78
Q

What’s the functions of tongue

A

Breakdown food through mechanical digestion
Mix food with saliva during chewing
Move food toward the pharynx(throat) during swallowing

79
Q

Palatine Tonsils

A

Common sites of infections : located in the back of the mouth

80
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Also know as adenoids they may become enlarged , blocking the passaged the nasal cavity and the pharynx

81
Q

Lingual Tonsils

A

Located in the posterior aspect or root of the tongue

82
Q

What are the two basic types of movements in the alimentary canal ?

A

Mixing and propelling

83
Q

The process of digestion of food begins in the stomach

True or false ?

A

False , moth begins the mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of starches

84
Q

Tongue

A

Muscular structure responsible for mixing food with saliva and moving the food toward the pharynx

85
Q

Masses of lymphatic tissue are found along the digestive system and protect the body against infection. They include ______ tonsils found at the root of the tongue, ______ tonsils found at the back of the soft palate and ______ tonsils also known as adenoids.

A

lingual; palatine; pharyngeal

86
Q

What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?

A

Move the contents along the tract

Mix the contents with fluids

87
Q

Teeth

A

Mechanical digestion, breaking larger pieces of food into smaller pieces.

88
Q

The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the

A

Palate

89
Q

Teeth does what ? Chemically or mechanically ?

A

Mechanically

90
Q

The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the

A

Palate

91
Q

Saliva

A

fluid, functions to moisten food particles, begins digestion of carbohydrates, cleans the mouth and teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolve molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds and bind particles together to aid in swallowing.

92
Q

Three major pairs of salivary glands?

A

Sublingual , submandibular, and parotid

93
Q

Saliva

A

helps cleanse the mouth and teeth
initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates
dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
moistens food particles

94
Q

What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?

A

Esophagus and Pharynx

95
Q

Which of the following parts of the pharynx provide a passageway for food (select all that apply)

A

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

96
Q

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea, is the ______.

A

Esophagus

97
Q

What are the names of the major salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

98
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

99
Q

The ______ and the ______ do not digest food, but both function in swallowing.

A

pharynx; esophagus

100
Q

The divisions of the pharynx include the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the

A

Laryngopharynx

101
Q

Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva.

A

dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates
helps cleanse the mouth and teeth
moistens food particles

102
Q

J Shaped , pouch like organ

A

Stomach

103
Q

Pyloric Spincter

A

A muscle that works as a valve to control gastric emptying

104
Q

Nasopharynx

A

It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.

105
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus

106
Q

Oropharynx

A

Posterior to the soft palate , located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity

107
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Hydrochloride acid is secreted in the gastric glands

108
Q

gastric juice

A 
Pepsin
Intrinsic factor
Hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen
Mucus
109
Q

Name the secretory cells of the gastric glands

A

Parietal cells
Mucous cells
Chief cells

110
Q

Hydrochloride Acid

A

Provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin . Produced by parietal cells.

111
Q

The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, is the

A

Pancreas

112
Q

Muscles cell

A

Muscuc

113
Q

Chief cells

A

Digestive enzymes pepsin

114
Q

Parietal cells

A

Hydrochloric acid

115
Q

Mucus

A

Provides a viscous, alkaline protective layer on the lining of the stomach. Produced by muscles cells.

116
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive form of pepsin. Produced by chief cells of the gastric glands .

117
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

AIDS in vitamin b12 absorption in the intestine. Produced by chief cells of the gastric glands.

118
Q

Chief cells in the stomach release an inactive enzyme, which is activated by _____ in the stomach. The active form of the enzyme called _____, breaks down proteins.

A

hydrochloric acid; pepsin

119
Q

The liver is located mainly in the ____ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just ____ to the diaphragm.

A

upper right; inferior

120
Q

Secretory Cells of the gastric glands

A

Parietal cells
Chief cells
Mucous cells

121
Q

Names two major lobes of the lives

A

Right and left

122
Q

Gallbladder

A

Pear shaped sac, its concentrates and stores bile , between meals and contracts to release bile into the small intestine

123
Q

Names of the lobes of the liver

A

Left , Right, Quadrate, Caudate

124
Q

What’s the function of the gallbladder ?

A

To store bile between meals.

125
Q

The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects what two organs in the digestive tract?

A

Stomach and large intestine

126
Q

What are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

A

Breaks down glycogen to glucose
Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose
Polymerizes glucose to glycogen

127
Q

Small intestine in the order of which food travels.

A

Duodenum , Jejunum , Ileum

128
Q

What’s correct order through which undigested material would pass

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

129
Q

What is the duodenum

A

The first part of the small intestine

130
Q

Appendix

A

The small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum functions in the immune response is the

131
Q

Parts of the colon in order from beginning to the end

A

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

132
Q

Typically the color of feces derives from_______ pigments altered by bacterial action.

A

Bile

133
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding the composition of feces:

A

They contain shed intestinal cells and bacteria.
Their odor derives from bacterial compounds.
Their color derives from bile pigments altered by bacteria.
They contain materials not digested or absorbed.

134
Q

Gonads

A

structures that produces hormones and gametes or sex cells.

135
Q

Males gonads are and what they produce ?

A

Testes and produces sperm cells

136
Q

Females gonads and they produce what ?

A

Ovaries , and produce ova or eggs

137
Q

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM General Functions

A
  1. Produce gametes (sex cells): sperm (€) , ovum (); 2. Maintain gametes; 3. Transport gametes; 4. Maintain zygote (fertilized egg) and fetus (); 5. Produce hormones: testosterone (€) , estrogen ()
138
Q

CELL REPRODUCTION:

A

Mitosis: Somatic cells reproduce during 4-stage cycle of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase; ends with two daughter cells identical to original cells
+ Meiosis: Gametes reproduce differently (each of the 4 stages has a I and II component); instead of two identical daughter cells, the process ends with half of the original due to two divisions taking place at each stage; the original cell is called a diploid and the resulting product is called a haploid

139
Q

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Includes

A

scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, urethra, prostate gland, and penis.

140
Q

Testes

A

Primary male sex organs (produce sperm and testosterone); ovoid structures held outside of the body in the scrotum.

141
Q

Spermatic ducts

A

Includes the vas deferens, a muscular tube which passes upward from testes, passes through the parietal peritoneum (inginual canal) and into the abdominal cavity; the vas deferens fuses with the duct from the seminal vesicle and form the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland. The epididymus is a tightly coiled tube leading to the vas deferens that sits atop the testis (like a hat) and stores sperm cells.

142
Q

Urethra

A

Transports semen

143
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Looks like a walnut; surrounds urethra below bladder and secretes alkaline fluid which enhances sperm motility.
o Penis: External excitatory sex organ; surrounds the urethra.

144
Q

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Includes:

A

ovaries, uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and breast/mammary glands.

145
Q

Ovaries

A

Primary female sex organs (produce ova and estrogen); sit on the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity; women are born with all the eggs they will have (as oocytes—immature egg cells).

146
Q

Uterine/fallopian tubes:

A

Tubes which pass medially from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization: cilia/fimbriae draw oocytes into tubes for fertilization.

147
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular organ that receives fertilized embryo/egg and sustains life; located within the pelvis: fundus is large ballooning portion at top, body is the greater region; it has three layers: endometrium (innermost), myometrium (middle); and perimetrium (surrounding); lower one-third of the uterus is the cervix.

148
Q

Vagina

A

Passageway from the cervix to the outside of the body; “birth canal;” receives erect penis, conveys uterine secretions, and transports offspring in childbirth.

149
Q

External genitalia:

A

External genitalia include the labia (or lip), major/minor, which encloses and protects underlying organs and tissues, and the clitoris, which is the external excitatory sex organ.

150
Q

Functions of the Reproductive system

A

produce gametes
•transport gametes
•maintain gametes
•maintain developing zygote/fetus (female)

151
Q

Males produce what ?

A

Testosterone

152
Q

Females produces what ?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

153
Q

Organs of Male

A 
Scrotum
•Testes
•Spermatic ducts
•Urethra
•Prostate gland
•Penis
154
Q

Organs of Female

A 
Ovaries
•Uterine (fallopian) tubes
•Uterus
•Vagina
•External genitalia
•Breast/mammary glands
155
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Fuses with duct from seminal vesicle

156
Q

Epididymis

A

Tightly coiled tube leading to vas deferens

Site of storage of sperm cells

157
Q

Prostate gland

A

Surrounds urethra below bladder and secretes alkaline fluid

158
Q

Penis

A

Males excitatory organ

159
Q

Hydrocele

A

The accumulation of excess fluid witching the scrotum

Do not puncture

160
Q

Each ovary is subdivided into what ?

A

Medulla and cortex

161
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A

Tubes which pass medically from ovaries to uterus
Inner lining is covered with cilia to aid oocyte movement
Site of fertilization

162
Q

The uterine wall has three layers what are they ?

A

Endometrium, myometrium, and perimtrium

163
Q

Labia

A

External organs, encloses and protect underlying organs and tissues

164
Q

Clitoris

A

External excitatory organ

165
Q

Accessory organs of the females reproductive system ?

A

Breast/Mammary glands, secrete mile.

166
Q

Reproductive Organs

A

Produce sex cells and sex hormones nurture these cells, or transport them.

167
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process of formation of sperm cells

168
Q

Internal reproductive organs

A

Ovaries
Vagina
Uterus
Uterine tubes

169
Q

During formation of sperm cells, for each primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, ______ sperm cells with ______ chromosomes in each of their nuclei, form.

A

4; 23

170
Q

An ovulated secondary oocyte moves through the uterine tube through:

A

peristaltic contraction of the uterine tube

ciliary action

171
Q

Finger-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube are called:

A

Fimbriae

172
Q

external accessory organs of the female reproductive system.

A

Clitoris
Labia majora, labia minora
Vestibular glands

173
Q

Components of the female internal reproductive organs include

A

uterus
uterine tubes
vagina

174
Q

internal accessory organs of the male reproductive system.

A

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands

Epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra

175
Q

roles of the reproductive system

A

To produce and nurture gametes containing 23 chromosomes.
To secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics.
To transport sex cells or gametes to sites of fertilization.

176
Q

The reproductive system functions to produce sex cells (sperm cells or oocytes), also known as ___________, and transports them to sites of fertilization

A

Gametes

177
Q

The epididymis is a ______ and it functions to ______.

A

tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; store sperm cells and promote their maturation

178
Q

The muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct is the:

A

ductus deferens

179
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferentia?

A

It carries sperm from the testes into the abdominal cavity

180
Q

The fluid expelled during male orgasm is called

A

Semen.

181
Q

The male external reproductive organs are the penis and the sac-like structure called the

A

Scrotum

182
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

Inferior to the prostate glandvas

183
Q

What organ supports the developing embryo?

A

Uterus

184
Q

What is a function of the vagina?

A

Passageway for the fetus during birth oogenesis

185
Q

The process called ________is the process in which egg cells (oocytes) are developed.

A

Oogensis

186
Q

What is another name for a fertilized egg?

A

Zygote

187
Q

The area of skin surrounding the nipple is called the

A

Areola

188
Q

Finger-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube are called:

A

Fimbriae

189
Q

Slightly alkaline and contains nutrients and prostaglandins

A

Semen

190
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduces the number of chromosome in sperm cells by one-half

191
Q

Males sex hormones are called

A

Androgens with testosterone

FNS121 (5 decks)

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