Digestive and Reproductive Flashcards
Average digestive tract can be up to ? (Meters)
8 meters long
What is Digestion?
It is the process of breaking down all foods into usable nutrients for absorption into the bloodstream
Mouth
Also known as the “oral cavity;” involved in chemical and mechanical digestion; contains teeth (adults have 32, mechanical digestion) and palate (roof of oral cavity): hard palate is anterior; soft palate is posterior
Digestive System Function
Basically everything from ingestion to defecation
Mechanical digestive #1
Mastication (chewing) involving the teeth, tougher, and palate
Chemical digestion #2
Saliva starts to break down food.
What are the accessory organs? Aid in chemical digestive
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
Mechanical digestive
Breaks large pieces of food into smaller ones without altering their chemical composition.
Chemical digestive
Breaks down larger nutrient molecules into simper chemicals, allowing them to be absorbed.
What does the digestive system consists of ?
Digestive tract
Accessory Organs also includes
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Propulsion
Tongue aids in swallowing/propelling food down “food tube” or esophagus. Peristalsis is the process that takes place in the esophagus (smooth muscle contractions) to move or propel the food into the stomach.
Mechanical digestion #2
Rugae, or folds, in the stomach work to break up and digest food.
Chemical digestion #2:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissolves food further.
Absorption
The small intestine is the site of the greatest amount of nutrient absorption. The large intestine (colon) absorbs water and packages waste for disposal.
Defecation
Waste and undigested materials passing outside the body in the form of feces.
What are the two basic types for motor functions?
Mixing movements and propelling movements
Mixing occurs when ? (Motor functions)
Occurs when smooth muscle in small segments of the tube contracts rhythmically.
Tongue
Propels food to the back of the throat; all muscle and attached to the floor of the oral cavity via the lingual frenulum
Pharynx
Posterior portion of the oral cavity that allows food to pass aka the ‘throat’ (pharynx means ‘throat’); three parts: nasopharynx (nose-throat), oropharynx (mouth-throat), and laryngopharynx (where larynx-pharynx meet)
Esophagus
Also called the “food tube;” this is the passageway from the mouth to the stomach; lined with smooth muscle; peristalsis occurs here; there is a cardiac or esophageal sphincter at the bottom to control flow into stomach
Stomach
Performs both chemical (HCl) and mechanical (rugae) digestion; Has 4 regions, three to know: fundic—superior, balloon-like portion; body—main width of the organ; pyloric—inferior region where the pyloric sphincter is located (regulates when food can move into the small intestines); the stomach also has three layers: mucosa—first internal layer that protects lining from HCl; submucosa; visceral peritoneum—outermost layer (one that would be pierced in embalming process)
Small intestine
Involved in mineral and nutrient absorption; has three main portions: duodenum is the first portion of the small intestine (it branches off the stomach at the pyloric sphincter); jejunum is the very coiled portion that is held together by mesentery; and the ileum is the portion leading straight out to the large intestine or colon; the ileocecal sphincter controls flow into the large intestine
Large intestine:
Responsible for water absorption; inferior to the small intestine; has several portions: cecum—connects it to the small intestine at the ileocecal sphincter; ascending colon—rises up right side of abdomen; transverse colon—transverses or crosses abdomen; descending colon—runs down left side of abdomen; sigmoid colon—last turn of colon before (finally) the rectum and anus; anal sphincter allows body to pass waste and undigested matter as feces
Salivary glands:
Involved with chemical digestion as they secrete saliva; three major: parotid (located at angle of ear, beneath ear lobe), submandibular (beneath mandible, “sour” spot), and sublingual (beneath tongue)
Liver
The largest internal organ; the liver produces and secretes bile, filters blood, and breaks down fats/sugars; has 4 lobes: right—largest anterior, left—second largest (also anterior), quadrate—posterior superior, caudate—posterior superior; blood supplied by the hepatic artery and sent back to heart via the hepatic portal vein; “hepa” means liver, ex. hepatitis
Gallbladder
Located behind the liver (on inferior/underside); stores bile between meals; if liver is unhealthy then gallbladder could form choleliths (gallstones) via cholelithiasis; cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder
Pancreas
Retroperitoneal (toward lumbar region, behind stomach); some say it looks like a shrimp; secretes glucagon and insulin and serves as an endocrine organ as well
Appendix
The appendix sits right next to the ileocecal sphincter (between small/large intestines) which is a highly toxic area—this is why appendicitis can be toxic and fatal
Rugae
Stomach folds that aid in mechanical digestion and ‘growl’ when hungry
Sphincter
Round muscle, often controls when substances pass on to next phase of digestion (anal is only one that can be voluntarily controlled)
Diabetes
Related to pancreas
For embalming
Mouth is fixed or posed pre-embalming as it is the most dominant feature in death
What are the main functions of the digestive system ?
Digestion and absorption
What is the digestive tract ?
A continuous passage to beginning at the mouth, where food is taken in and termination at the anus, where the solid waste products of digestion are expelled from the body
Accessory organ
Which are necessary for the digestive process but are not direct part of the digestive tract. They release substances into he digestive tract through duct
Mouth what’s the functions
Chemical and mechanical digestive
Known as oral cavity
Tongue what is the functions
Propels food to the back of the throat
All muscle; attached to the floor via the lingual frenelum
Palate Function
Roof of the oral cavity
Anterior region – hard
Posterior region - soft
Teeth Function
Mechanical digestion
Adult humans- 32
Salivary glands Function
Chemical digestion
Secrete saliva; three major: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Pharynx Function
Posterior portion of the oral cavity that allows food to pass (a.k.a. – throat)
Three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Esophagus Function
Passageway from the throat to the stomach
Lined with smooth muscle; peristalsis occurs here
Stomach Function
Chemical (HCl) and mechanical (rugae) digestion
Regions: cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric.
Has rugae which aid in mechanical digestion
Pancreas Function
Secretes glucagon and insulin; serves as an endocrine organ as well
Retroperitoneal (Anatomical space located behind the abdominal or peritoneal cavity)
Liver Function
- (largest internal organ)
- Produces and secretes bile, filter blood of toxins, break down fats and sugars
- Has 4 lobes: right, left, quadrate and caudate; blood supplied by hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery
Gallbladder Function
Stores bile in between meals
Inferior (underside) of the liver
Small intestine Function
Mineral and nutrient absorption
Three regions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
Mesentery holds all together
Large Intestine
Water absorption
Regions: cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. Final regions of the large intestine – rectum and anus
whats are the functions of the digestive system ?
Ingestion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, propulsion, absorption and decation
Accessory organs (Name)
Salivary glands , liver , gallbladder , pancreas
Alimentary canal (name)
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
List the organs in the tongue to duodenum ?
Tongue , esophagus, stomach, gallbladder , duodenum, and pancreas
Small intestine what’s the two functions called ?
Jejunum and oleum
Large intestine what’s the function within large intestine ?
Appendix , cecum , large intestine , and anus
What’s does the mouth prepared for after mechanical digestion?
Chemical digestive
What are 6 parts of the Tongue ?
Root, body, papillae, palatine tonsil, lingual tonsils, and epiglottis
What’s are the parts of the salivary glands
Parotid gland, masseter muscle, submandibular gland, tongue, mandible , sublingual gland, and submandibular duct
Parotid Glands
Clear
Water , serous fluid
Rich in amylase
Submandibular glands
Primarily serous fluid
Some mucus
Sublingual glands
Primarily mucus
Most viscous
Liver functions :
Produces glycogen from glucose
Break down glycogen into glucose
Convert non carbohydrates to glucose
Oxidizes fatty acids
Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Convert carbohydrates and proteins into fats
Removes toxins from blood
Produces and secretes
Stores glycogen, vitamins A,D, B12, Iron and Blood
Composition of Bile
Water Bile salts Emulsification of fats Absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins Bile pigments Cholesterol Electrolytes
Three parts of the Small Intestine
Duodenum , jejunum, and ileum. It’s helps to further digest food coming from the stomach
Mesentery
Suspends portions of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
Movements of the small intestine
Mixing movements
Peristalsis - pushing movements
Over distended wall triggers peristaltic rush resulting in diarrhea.
Functions of Large intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes
Secretes mucus
Forms feces
Carries out defecation
Movements of Large Intestine
Slower and less frequent than those of small intestine
Peristalsis
Mass movements usually follow meals
What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called
Digestion
The digestive system is also known as the
Alimentary canal
List the alimentary Canal from top to bottom
Stomach , small intestine , and large intestine
What are functions of mother movements in the alimentary canal ?
Move the contents along the tract
Where does the process of digestion firstly begin?
Mouth
The process of breaking down foods, either mechanically or chemically and then absorbing them is called
Digestion
Lips
Highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening. Lips contains skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods
Digestive system
The alimentary canal and accessory organs are part of the digestive system
What’s another word for digestive tract ?
Alimentary canal
What’s the functions of tongue
Breakdown food through mechanical digestion
Mix food with saliva during chewing
Move food toward the pharynx(throat) during swallowing
Palatine Tonsils
Common sites of infections : located in the back of the mouth
Pharyngeal tonsils
Also know as adenoids they may become enlarged , blocking the passaged the nasal cavity and the pharynx
Lingual Tonsils
Located in the posterior aspect or root of the tongue
What are the two basic types of movements in the alimentary canal ?
Mixing and propelling
The process of digestion of food begins in the stomach
True or false ?
False , moth begins the mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of starches
Tongue
Muscular structure responsible for mixing food with saliva and moving the food toward the pharynx
Masses of lymphatic tissue are found along the digestive system and protect the body against infection. They include ______ tonsils found at the root of the tongue, ______ tonsils found at the back of the soft palate and ______ tonsils also known as adenoids.
lingual; palatine; pharyngeal
What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?
Move the contents along the tract
Mix the contents with fluids
Teeth
Mechanical digestion, breaking larger pieces of food into smaller pieces.
The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the
Palate
Teeth does what ? Chemically or mechanically ?
Mechanically
The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the
Palate
Saliva
fluid, functions to moisten food particles, begins digestion of carbohydrates, cleans the mouth and teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolve molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds and bind particles together to aid in swallowing.
Three major pairs of salivary glands?
Sublingual , submandibular, and parotid
Saliva
helps cleanse the mouth and teeth
initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates
dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
moistens food particles
What two structures carry food from the mouth to the stomach, but do not digest food?
Esophagus and Pharynx
Which of the following parts of the pharynx provide a passageway for food (select all that apply)
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea, is the ______.
Esophagus
What are the names of the major salivary glands?
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Where is the stomach located?
In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.
The ______ and the ______ do not digest food, but both function in swallowing.
pharynx; esophagus
The divisions of the pharynx include the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the
Laryngopharynx
Indicate which of the following are functions of saliva.
dissolves molecules so they can be tasted
initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates
helps cleanse the mouth and teeth
moistens food particles
J Shaped , pouch like organ
Stomach
Pyloric Spincter
A muscle that works as a valve to control gastric emptying
Nasopharynx
It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. It is connected to the middle ears, through the auditory tubes.
Laryngopharynx
The most inferior part of the pharynx, it is a passageway of food to the esophagus
Oropharynx
Posterior to the soft palate , located in the back of the oral cavity. It is a passageway for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity
Parietal Cells
Hydrochloride acid is secreted in the gastric glands
gastric juice
Pepsin Intrinsic factor Hydrochloric acid Pepsinogen Mucus
Name the secretory cells of the gastric glands
Parietal cells
Mucous cells
Chief cells
Hydrochloride Acid
Provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin . Produced by parietal cells.
The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, is the
Pancreas
Muscles cell
Muscuc
Chief cells
Digestive enzymes pepsin
Parietal cells
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
Provides a viscous, alkaline protective layer on the lining of the stomach. Produced by muscles cells.
Pepsinogen
Inactive form of pepsin. Produced by chief cells of the gastric glands .
Intrinsic factor
AIDS in vitamin b12 absorption in the intestine. Produced by chief cells of the gastric glands.
Chief cells in the stomach release an inactive enzyme, which is activated by _____ in the stomach. The active form of the enzyme called _____, breaks down proteins.
hydrochloric acid; pepsin
The liver is located mainly in the ____ quadrant of the abdominal cavity just ____ to the diaphragm.
upper right; inferior
Secretory Cells of the gastric glands
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Mucous cells
Names two major lobes of the lives
Right and left
Gallbladder
Pear shaped sac, its concentrates and stores bile , between meals and contracts to release bile into the small intestine
Names of the lobes of the liver
Left , Right, Quadrate, Caudate
What’s the function of the gallbladder ?
To store bile between meals.
The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects what two organs in the digestive tract?
Stomach and large intestine
What are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?
Breaks down glycogen to glucose
Converts noncarbohydrates to glucose
Polymerizes glucose to glycogen
Small intestine in the order of which food travels.
Duodenum , Jejunum , Ileum
What’s correct order through which undigested material would pass
Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
What is the duodenum
The first part of the small intestine
Appendix
The small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum functions in the immune response is the
Parts of the colon in order from beginning to the end
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Typically the color of feces derives from_______ pigments altered by bacterial action.
Bile
Which of the following statements are true regarding the composition of feces:
They contain shed intestinal cells and bacteria.
Their odor derives from bacterial compounds.
Their color derives from bile pigments altered by bacteria.
They contain materials not digested or absorbed.
Gonads
structures that produces hormones and gametes or sex cells.
Males gonads are and what they produce ?
Testes and produces sperm cells
Females gonads and they produce what ?
Ovaries , and produce ova or eggs
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM General Functions
- Produce gametes (sex cells): sperm () , ovum (); 2. Maintain gametes; 3. Transport gametes; 4. Maintain zygote (fertilized egg) and fetus (); 5. Produce hormones: testosterone () , estrogen ()
CELL REPRODUCTION:
Mitosis: Somatic cells reproduce during 4-stage cycle of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase; ends with two daughter cells identical to original cells
+ Meiosis: Gametes reproduce differently (each of the 4 stages has a I and II component); instead of two identical daughter cells, the process ends with half of the original due to two divisions taking place at each stage; the original cell is called a diploid and the resulting product is called a haploid
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Includes
scrotum, testes, spermatic ducts, urethra, prostate gland, and penis.
Testes
Primary male sex organs (produce sperm and testosterone); ovoid structures held outside of the body in the scrotum.
Spermatic ducts
Includes the vas deferens, a muscular tube which passes upward from testes, passes through the parietal peritoneum (inginual canal) and into the abdominal cavity; the vas deferens fuses with the duct from the seminal vesicle and form the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland. The epididymus is a tightly coiled tube leading to the vas deferens that sits atop the testis (like a hat) and stores sperm cells.
Urethra
Transports semen
Prostate Gland
Looks like a walnut; surrounds urethra below bladder and secretes alkaline fluid which enhances sperm motility.
o Penis: External excitatory sex organ; surrounds the urethra.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Includes:
ovaries, uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, and breast/mammary glands.
Ovaries
Primary female sex organs (produce ova and estrogen); sit on the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity; women are born with all the eggs they will have (as oocytes—immature egg cells).
Uterine/fallopian tubes:
Tubes which pass medially from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization: cilia/fimbriae draw oocytes into tubes for fertilization.
Uterus
Muscular organ that receives fertilized embryo/egg and sustains life; located within the pelvis: fundus is large ballooning portion at top, body is the greater region; it has three layers: endometrium (innermost), myometrium (middle); and perimetrium (surrounding); lower one-third of the uterus is the cervix.
Vagina
Passageway from the cervix to the outside of the body; “birth canal;” receives erect penis, conveys uterine secretions, and transports offspring in childbirth.
External genitalia:
External genitalia include the labia (or lip), major/minor, which encloses and protects underlying organs and tissues, and the clitoris, which is the external excitatory sex organ.
Functions of the Reproductive system
produce gametes
•transport gametes
•maintain gametes
•maintain developing zygote/fetus (female)
Males produce what ?
Testosterone
Females produces what ?
Estrogen and progesterone
Organs of Male
Scrotum •Testes •Spermatic ducts •Urethra •Prostate gland •Penis
Organs of Female
Ovaries •Uterine (fallopian) tubes •Uterus •Vagina •External genitalia •Breast/mammary glands
Ejaculatory duct
Fuses with duct from seminal vesicle
Epididymis
Tightly coiled tube leading to vas deferens
Site of storage of sperm cells
Prostate gland
Surrounds urethra below bladder and secretes alkaline fluid
Penis
Males excitatory organ
Hydrocele
The accumulation of excess fluid witching the scrotum
Do not puncture
Each ovary is subdivided into what ?
Medulla and cortex
Fallopian Tubes
Tubes which pass medically from ovaries to uterus
Inner lining is covered with cilia to aid oocyte movement
Site of fertilization
The uterine wall has three layers what are they ?
Endometrium, myometrium, and perimtrium
Labia
External organs, encloses and protect underlying organs and tissues
Clitoris
External excitatory organ
Accessory organs of the females reproductive system ?
Breast/Mammary glands, secrete mile.
Reproductive Organs
Produce sex cells and sex hormones nurture these cells, or transport them.
Spermatogenesis
The process of formation of sperm cells
Internal reproductive organs
Ovaries
Vagina
Uterus
Uterine tubes
During formation of sperm cells, for each primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, ______ sperm cells with ______ chromosomes in each of their nuclei, form.
4; 23
An ovulated secondary oocyte moves through the uterine tube through:
peristaltic contraction of the uterine tube
ciliary action
Finger-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube are called:
Fimbriae
external accessory organs of the female reproductive system.
Clitoris
Labia majora, labia minora
Vestibular glands
Components of the female internal reproductive organs include
uterus
uterine tubes
vagina
internal accessory organs of the male reproductive system.
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands
Epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, urethra
roles of the reproductive system
To produce and nurture gametes containing 23 chromosomes.
To secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics.
To transport sex cells or gametes to sites of fertilization.
The reproductive system functions to produce sex cells (sperm cells or oocytes), also known as ___________, and transports them to sites of fertilization
Gametes
The epididymis is a ______ and it functions to ______.
tightly coiled tube on the outside of the testis; store sperm cells and promote their maturation
The muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct is the:
ductus deferens
What is the function of the ductus deferentia?
It carries sperm from the testes into the abdominal cavity
The fluid expelled during male orgasm is called
Semen.
The male external reproductive organs are the penis and the sac-like structure called the
Scrotum
Where are the bulbourethral glands located?
Inferior to the prostate glandvas
What organ supports the developing embryo?
Uterus
What is a function of the vagina?
Passageway for the fetus during birth oogenesis
The process called ________is the process in which egg cells (oocytes) are developed.
Oogensis
What is another name for a fertilized egg?
Zygote
The area of skin surrounding the nipple is called the
Areola
Finger-like projections extending from the infundibulum of the uterine tube are called:
Fimbriae
Slightly alkaline and contains nutrients and prostaglandins
Semen
Meiosis
Reduces the number of chromosome in sperm cells by one-half
Males sex hormones are called
Androgens with testosterone
