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anatomy & physiology > the endocrine system - pituitary gland > Flashcards

the endocrine system - pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of endocrine system

A

tightly regulated synthesis and secretion of diverse array of chemical messenger molecules called HORMONES

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2
Q

hormones

A

-regulate numerous organ/tissue systems
-control growth, metabolism + reproduction
-plays key role in homeostasis

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3
Q

definition of hormone

A

chemical messenger produced and secreted by a specialised endocrine gland that is transported in the bloodstream to a distant target organ/cell where it elicits a physiological response

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4
Q

primary endocrine glands

A

-pineal
-hypothalamus
-pituitary
-thyroid
-parathyroids
-thymus
-adrenals
-pancreas
-ovary/testes (gonads)

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5
Q

secondary endocrine tissues

A

-heart
-lungs
-liver
-kidneys
-thymus
-gut
-placenta

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6
Q

different modes of cell-cell communication

A

-paracine
-autocrine
-neurotransmission
-endocrine
-neuro-endocrine

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7
Q

THREE main types of hormone

A

-proteins/peptides
-cholesterol derivatives
-modified amino acids

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8
Q

proteins/peptides

A

-growth hormone
= hydroPHILIC

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9
Q

cholesterol derivatives

A

-steroids (e.g. oestrogen, testosterone)
-vitamin D
= hydroPHOBIC

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10
Q

modified amino acids

A

-adrenaline
= hydroPHILIC
-thyroid hormones
= hydroPHOBIC

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11
Q

types of receptors that hormones (ligands) bind to

A

-membrane-bound receptors
-intracellular receptors

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12
Q

which types of hormone for which receptor ?

A

-water soluble -> plasma-membrane receptors
-lipid soluble -> intracellular receptors

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13
Q

endocrine system & nervous system

A

work together to maintain HOMEOSTASIS

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14
Q

what is the primary link between the endocrine & nervous systems ?

A

the HYPOTHALAMUS
-it produces specific chemical messengers that stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the PITUITARY gland

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15
Q

what is known as the master endocrine gland ?

A

the pituitary gland, it controls all the other peripheral endocrine glands

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16
Q

pituitary gland

A

-regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism and sexual function
-plays key role in homeostasis

17
Q

pituitary gland has 2 distinct lobes

A

-anterior
-posterior

18
Q

hypothalamic regulation of ANTERIOR pituitary gland

A

-hypothalamic neurons fire, releasing neurohormone (e.g. TRH) from the nerve ending diffusing into capillary network
-runs down into hypophysial portal vein then the primary capillary plexus and then the secondary capillary plexus
-releasing hormones stimulate pituitary hormone secretions
-anterior pituitary hormone (e.g. TSH) released to target tissue/endocrine gland (e.g. thyroid)

19
Q

example of hypothalamic reg. of ANTERIOR pituitary gland

A

-TRH released by hypothalamus
-thyrotrophic cell secretes TSH in response to TRH
-TSH reaches thyroid gland (target)

20
Q

posterior pituitary

A

-different tissue from ant. pituitary
-downgrowth of the base of the hypothalamus
-magnocellular neurons produce the hormones: ADH and oxytocin
-magnocellular neuron send axons down the pituitary stalk
-eventually terminating in the post. pituitary gland itself

21
Q

anterior pituitary

A

-GH
-ACTH
-TSH
-FSH
-LH
-PRL
-MSH

22
Q

posterior pituitary

A

-ADH
-OXY

23
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

-essential for growth + development of bones, muscles & other organs
-many effects of GH mediated by insulin-like growth factor (IGF) from liver

24
Q

how does growth hormone (GH) work ?

A

enhances:
-protein synthesis
-decreases glucose utilisation
-promotes fat mobilisation

25
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

-essential for the growth + function of adrenal cortex

26
Q

how does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) work ?

A

acts on adrenal cortical cells to stimulate their manufacture of:
-mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone involved in salt reg.)
-glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol involved in glucose metabolism)

27
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

-essential for growth + function of the thyroid gland

28
Q

how does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) work ?

A

stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

29
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

-gonadotropic hormone
-promotes growth of ovarian follicles in females
-promotes production of sperm in males

30
Q

luteinising hormone (LH)

A

-gonadotropic hormone
-stimulates ovulation + development of corpus luteum (CL) in females
-stimulates production of testosterone by testis in males

31
Q

corpus luteum (CL)

A

-after ovulation, burst follicle on surface of ovary undergoes process called luteinisation
-transforms into structure called corpus luteum
-LH triggers ovulation and kickstarts the formation of CL
-CL produces oestrogen and progesterone

32
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

-stimulates development + growth of the mammary glands
-stimulates milk production during pregnancy
-sucking motion of baby stimulates prolactin secretion

33
Q

how does prolactin (PRL) work ?

A

-secreted by ant. pituitary to act upon receptors on cells within milk producing structures of the mammary gland
-milk glands contain layer of epithelial cells that synthesise and secrete milk

34
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

-regulates skin pigmentation
-promotes deposition of melanin in the skin after exposure to sunlight

35
Q

how does melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) work ?

A

acts on melanocytes (found in the skin) where there is deposition of melanin

36
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

-stimulates the reabsorption of water by the renal tubules
-hyposecretion of ADH can result in diabetes insipidus (excessive thirst & copious dilute urine)

37
Q

oxytocin (OXY)

A

-stimulates uterus to contract during childbirth
-stimulates mammary glands to release milk in response to suckling

anatomy & physiology (21 decks)

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