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MCAT Biology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

derived from a larger peptide they are amino acid proteins that are charged, and bind to extracellular protiens

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2
Q

First/Second Messenger

A

First messenger binds to a receptor transmitting signal to the second messenger

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3
Q

Common 2nd Messenges

A

cAMP, IP3, Calcium

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4
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

derived from cholesterol and produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads. Easily cross the cell membrane to interact with intracellular receptors. Must be carried by proteins through blood

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5
Q

albumin

A

a non-specific carrier protein for transporting hormones through blood

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6
Q

amino-acid derivative hormones

A

derived from 1 or 2 amino acids and modified, include the adrenal and thyroid hormones

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7
Q

direct hormones

A

Hormones that once secreted act directly on a target tissue

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8
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that require an intermediate to act

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Bridge between the nervous and endocrine system, acts on the pituitary gland through tropic hormones

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10
Q

Negative feedback

A

A product in a pathway inhibits an earlier step

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11
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland.

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12
Q

hypophysis

A

alternate term for the pituitary gland

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13
Q

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

A

hypothalamus hormone that causes the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

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14
Q

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

A

hypothalamus hormone that causes the release of GH from the pituitary gland

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15
Q

TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)

A

hypothalamus hormone that causes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland

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16
Q

CRF (corticotropin releasing factor)

A

hypothalamus hormone that causes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland

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17
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

Peptide hormone released by the adenohypophysis that stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males

18
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone)

A

Peptide hormone released by the adenohypophysis that stimulates ovulation in females and test production in males

19
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A

peptide hormone released by the adenohypophysis that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

20
Q

TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)

A

Peptide hormone released by the adenohypophysis that stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

21
Q

Prolactin

A

Peptide hormone released by the adenohypophysis that stimulates milk production

22
Q

Endorphins

A

Peptide hormone released by the adenohypophysis that decreases sensation of pain and can promote euphoria

23
Q

GH (Growth hormone)

A

Peptide hormone released by the adenohypophysis that stimulates bone and muscle growth while raising blood glucose levels

24
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)

A

Peptide hormone released by the neurohypophysis via the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

25
Q

Oxytocin

A

Peptide hormone released by the neurohypophysis via the hypothalamus that stimulates uterine contraction during labor and milk production during lactation

26
Q

T3 and T4 (thyroxines)

A

Amino acid derivative hormones secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid that promote metabolic activity

27
Q

Calcitonin

A

Peptide hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid that decreases blood calcium concentrations

28
Q

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

A

Peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid that increases blood calcium concentrations

29
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol and Cortisone, steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that increase blood glucose and decrease protein synthesis (antiinflammatory response)

30
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone, steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases water and sodium reabsorption, while promoting potassium and hydrogen ion excretion

31
Q

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

A

amino acid derivative hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that increases blood sugar, heart rate, and dilate bronchii

32
Q

Glucagon

A

Peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates glycogen breakdown to increase blood sugar

33
Q

Insulin

A

peptide hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas that lowers blood sugar and increases anabolism

34
Q

Somatostatin

A

peptide hormone secreted by the gamma cells of pancreas that suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

35
Q

Testosterone

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the testes that develops male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

36
Q

Estrogen

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the ovaries that develops female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

37
Q

Progesterone

A

Steroid hormone secreted by the ovaries that promote maintenance of the endometrium

38
Q

Melatonin

A

Peptide hormone secreted by the pineal gland that is involved in circadian rhythms

39
Q

erythropoietin

A

Peptide hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates bone marrow to produce erythocytes

40
Q

ANP (atrial natriuretic hormone)

A

Peptide hormone secreted by the heart that promotes salt and water excretion

41
Q

Thymosin

A

peptide hormone secreted by the thymus that stimulates T-cell development

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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