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MCAT Biology > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cell is the basic functional unit of life
  3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells
  4. Cells carry genetic info in the form of DNA, passed parent to daughter
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2
Q

Nuclear Membrane

A

double membrane that maintains a separate nuclear environment from the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Histones

A

Proteins around which linear DNA is organized

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4
Q

nucleolus

A

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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5
Q

Cristae

A

The foldings of the mitochondria inner membrane containing the molecules for the ETC

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6
Q

Mitochondria Intermembrane Space

A

the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, where the protons are pumped into

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7
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

The space inside the inner membrane, this is where the protons are pumped out of

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8
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell Death

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane bound organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes for substance breakdown

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10
Q

Autolysis

A

The release of hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosome, results in apoptosis

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11
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

series of interconnected membranes contiguous with the nucles, rough ER contains ribosomes for protein synthesis while smooth ER is the site of lipid synthesis and detoxification

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12
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stacked membrane bound sacs, site of protein glycosylation

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13
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain hydrogen peroxide, primary function is the breakdown of long chain FA’s via B-oxidation`

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides the cell with shape/structure, made up of microfilaments(actin), microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

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15
Q

Microfilaments

A

polymerized rods of actin, organized into bundles and networks within the cell

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16
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

Ring-like organization of microfilaments during cell division that function as the site of division between the two new daughter cells

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17
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that provide the movement pathways for kinesin and dynein

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18
Q

Cilia

A

microtubule projections from a cell that are primarily involved in movement of materials along the cell surface

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19
Q

Flagella (Eukaryotic)

A

microtubule structure involved in cellular movement

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20
Q

9+2 Structure

A

The microtubule organization of cilia/flagellum. 2 microtubules are surrounded by 9 doublets on the outside.

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21
Q

Centrioles

A

Microtubule structure within the centrosome. Organizing center for microtubules consisting of 9 MT triplets with a hollow center

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22
Q

Kinetochores

A

The site on the chromosomes where microtubules attach during cell division

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

IFs include keratin and desmin, involved in cell to cell adhesion.

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24
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Thin cell layer that covers the body and line its cavities, involved in protection and absorption selection

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25
Q

Basement Membrane

A

underlying layer of connective tissue that joins epithelial cells together

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26
Q

Parenchyma

A

The functional part of an organ made up mostly of epithelial tissue

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27
Q

Simple epithelia

A

A single cellular layer

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28
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Multiple cellular layers

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29
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia

A

One layer of cells differing in cell height

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30
Q

Cuboidal

A

Cube shaped epithelial cells

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31
Q

Columnar

A

Long and thin epithelial cells

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32
Q

Squamous

A

Flat and scale like epithelial cells

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33
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Tissue that supports the body and provides framework

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34
Q

Stroma

A

The support structure of an organ made up primarily of connective tissue

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35
Q

Nucleoid region

A

The area of the prokaryotic cell where there genetic material is organized into a single circular molecule of DNA

36
Q

Archaea

A

Single celled organisms visually similar to bacteria, tend to be extremophiles and chemosyntheitc

37
Q

Mutualistic Symbiotes

A

a relationship where both parties benefit, common between bacteria and humans

38
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing bacteria

39
Q

Cocci

A

spherical shaped bacteria

40
Q

bacilli

A

Rod shaped bacteria

41
Q

Spirilli

A

spiral shaped bacteria

42
Q

obligate aerobes

A

bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism

43
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

bacteria that cannot survive in an oxygen containing environment

44
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

bacteria that can toggle between aerobic and non aerobic metabolism based on the presence of oxygen

45
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

bacteria that are unable to use oxygen for metabolism but are not harmed by its presence in the environment

46
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Bacteria in which the cell wall contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan

47
Q

peptidoglycan

A

component of gram positive bacterial cell walls that serves as structural and protective functions

48
Q

lipoteichoic acid

A

gram positive cell wall component that activates the human immune system

49
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

Bacteria who’s cell wall does not contain the thick peptidoglycan layer

50
Q

Outer membrane (bacteria)

A

A membrane outside the cell membrane and wall of gram negative bacteria that contains lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids

51
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

component of the gram negative bacteria outer membrane that triggers a human immune system response

52
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move towards or away from them

53
Q

Flagella (Prokaryote)

A

Whiplike structures used for propulsion composed of a filament, basal body, and a hook

54
Q

Filament

A

hollow helical part of the flagella composed of flagellin

55
Q

Basal body

A

complex structure that anchors the flagella to the cytoplasmic membrane, also the motor

56
Q

Hook

A

Connects the basal body and the filament

57
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular DNA structures carrying genetic info not necessary for prokaryote survival

58
Q

Binary Fission

A

Form of asexual reproduction seen in eukaryotes

59
Q

Virulence Factors

A

Traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is

60
Q

Episomes

A

plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of bacteria

61
Q

Transformation

A

Integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome

62
Q

Conjugation

A

The bacterial form of sexual reproduction where genetic information is transferred unidirectionally

63
Q

Sex Pili

A

An appendage of the bacterial donor male that forms the conjugation bridge with the recipient female

64
Q

Fertility Factor

A

Most common sex factor plasmid in bacteria that allows for mating

65
Q

Hfr Bacteria

A

Bacterial cells in which the sex factor plasmid has been integrated into the genome

66
Q

Transduction

A

The process of a viral vector carrying genetic information from one bacterium to another

67
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

68
Q

Transposons

A

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

69
Q

Lag phase

A

The period of bacterial growth where growth is stagnant as bacteria adapt to their new environment

70
Q

Exponential/Log Phase

A

Period of exponential bacterial growth

71
Q

Stationary Phase

A

Slowing of bacterial reproduction as resources are depleted

72
Q

Death phase

A

Decrease in the amount of bacteria when the environment is no longer able to support them

73
Q

Capsid

A

The protein coat of a virus that surrounds its genetic material

74
Q

Virions

A

Viral progeny that result from reproduction within a host cell

75
Q

Tail sheath and Tail Fibers

A

The sheath acts to inject the genetic material while the fibers help the virus recognize the correct host cell

76
Q

Positive Sense RNA virus

A

The genome may be directly translated to functional proteins

77
Q

Negative sense RNA virus

A

require synthesis of an RNA strand complementary to their RNA genome prior to their translation

78
Q

RNA repicase

A

Protein carried by negative sense RNA viruses to ensure synthesis of a complementary RNA strand from negative sense template

79
Q

Retrovirus

A

single stranded RNA viruses where the RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA then integrated into the host cell genome

80
Q

Extrusion

A

The process in which a virus leaves the host cell by fusing with its plasma membrane

81
Q

Lytic Cycle

A

Virulent bacteria are filled with virions until they lyse open releasing the progeny

82
Q

Provirus/Prophage

A

A virus that has integrated into the host genome

83
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A

A period where a viral genome is integrated within its host and replicates with it, this may preceed the lytic cycle

84
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins that cause the misfolding of other proteins reducing solubility and ability to degrade

85
Q

Viroids

A

small plant pathogens consisting of very short circular single stranded RNA genomes capable of silencing mRNA in a cell

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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