Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MCAT Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Cycle Stages

A

G1, S, G2, M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

G-0 Stage

A

cell is living without any preparation for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chromatin

A

uncondensed form of the chromosome found during interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G1 Stage

A

cells create organelles for energy/protein production, increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Restriction point

A

The pass between G1 and S stages where the cell must meet certain requirements including proper DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

S stage

A

Stage of the cell cycle where the cell duplicates its DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Centromere

A

The region binding the two sister chromatids following DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

G2 Stage

A

The checking stage of the cell cycle, cell ensures DNA has been replicated properly and there is enough organelles for replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

M Stage

A

Mitosis, the cell actually divides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

p53

A

The protein responsible for the restriction point that can put the cell in arrest if DNA is not good enough quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cyclins

A

group of proteins responsible for cell cycle regulation, vary in concentrations as the cycle progresses, forming complexes with CDK’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CDK

A

Cyclin dependent kinase, form complexes with specific cyclins during cell cycle progression to phosphorylate cycle txn factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cancer

A

Mutations in the proteins of the cell cycle cause uncontrolled cellular proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tumor

A

An mass of cancerous cells undergoing unregulated growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

metastasis

A

Cancerous cells enter the bloodstream and begin to spread throughout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Prophase

A

1st stage of mitosis: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers project to chromosomes as nuclear membrane dissolves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Centrosome

A

region outside of the nucleus where the centrioles reside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

microtubule projections from the centriole that make contact with the chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Asters

A

MT’s projecting from the centriole that anchor it to the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Kinetochores

A

Protein complex at the centromere that allow for spindle fiber attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Metaphase

A

Centriole pairs at opposite poles of the cell use spindle fibers to align the chromosomes alongthe middle of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Metaphase plate

A

The alignment of chromosomes equidistant from the two poles of the cell during metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cytokinesis
Seperation of the cytoplasm and organelles creating two new daughter cells
26
Synapsis
The intertwining of homologous chromosomes during prophase I
27
Tetrad
The synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes contains four chromatids total so its a tetrad
28
Chiasma
The point of synapsis
29
Crossing Over
The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes at the point of synapses during Prophase 1 of meiosis
30
Mendels Second Law of Independent Assortment
The inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles for other genes
31
Disjunction
The separation of homologous pairs during anaphase I
32
Mendel's First Law of Segregation
The distribution of homologous chromosomes between two daughter cells, whether each cell gets paternal or maternal cells are random
33
Testes
Located in the scrotum and made up of seminferous tubules and Leydig cells, site of sperm production
34
Seminiferous tubules
Highly coiled tubules within the testes where sperm are produced
35
Sertoli Cells
The cells that nourish the sperm developing in the seminiferous tubules
36
Leydig Cells
secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones
37
Androgens
Male sex hormones
38
Scrotum
External pouch located below the penis which holds the testes at a temperature 2-4 degrees celsius lower than body temp
39
Epididymis
Where the sperm pass to following production, stored here until ejaculation
40
Ejaculation
Sperm travel out of the epididymis through the vas deferens and out the ejaculatory duct
41
Urethra
The two ejaculatory ducts merge here as sperm leaves the penis
42
Seminal Fluid
Fluid produced by the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland that mix with sperm during production
43
Seminal Vesicles
contribute fructose to nourish the sperm
44
Prostate Gland
Provide the seminal fluid with alkaline properties so it can resist the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract
45
Bulbourethral (Cowpers) gland
Produce a clear viscous fluid that lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal
46
Semen
The combination of sperm and seminal fluid
47
Spermatogenesis
The formation of haploid sperm through meiosis that occurs in the seminiferous tubules
48
Spermatogonia
The diploid stem cells that sperm come from
49
Primary spermatocytes
the result of the replication of DNA in spermatogonia
50
Secondary spermatocytes
the haploid result of meiosis 1 of primary spermatocytes
51
Spermatids
The haploid result of meiosis 2 of secondary spermatocytes
52
Spermatozoa
The result of spermatid maturation, 4 are produced for every 1 spermatogonia
53
Sperm Structure
Extremely compact composed of a Head, midpiece, and tail
54
Midpeice
Filled with mitochondria which produce energy for swimming
55
Acrosome
A modified golgi appartus that forms a Cap covering the sperm head, contains the necessary enzymes for penetrating the ovum
56
Ovaries
Produce estrogen and progesterone
57
Follicle cells
Multilayered sacs that contain, nourish and protect the developing egg
58
Ova
The developing egg housed within the follice
59
Ovulation
a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is made available to be fertilized
60
Uterus
The site of fetal development
61
Cervix
The lower end of the uterus that connects to the vaginal canal
62
Vulva
The external female anatomy
63
Oogenesis
the production of female gametes
64
primary oocytes
oocytes that are arrested in prophase 1 prior to ovulation
65
Secondary oocyte
An oocyte that has completed meiosis 1 and been released during ovulation
66
menarche
A woman's first menstrual cycle where a primary oocyte will complete meiosis 1
67
zona pellucida
Acellular mixture that surrounds the oocyte for protection and sperm cell binding
68
corona radiata
layer outside the zona pellucida that triggers meiosis 2 when penetrated by sperm acrosomal enzymes
69
pronuclei
The haploid nuclei of the sperm an egg that join together to create the zygote
70
GnRH
gonadotropin relasing hormone: produced during puberty to stimulate the synthesis of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland
71
Testosterone
androgen hormone produced by the testes at high levels beginning with puberty
72
Estrogen
female sex hormone that establishes the endometrium for zygote implantation
73
Progesterone
female sex hormone that maintains the endometrium after it has been developed by estrogen
74
Corpus Luteum
Follicle cell that secretes progesterone in response to LH
75
Menstrual cycle
The cyclic pattern of the growing and shedding of the endometrial lining in response to hormone levels
76
follicular phase
Step 1 of the menstrual cycle where The uterine lining of the previous cycle is shed
77
Ovulation phase
Step 2 of the menstrual cycle where a surge in LH triggers the release of an egg from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity
78
Luteal Phase
Step 3 of the menstrual cycle where high progesterone levels maintain the endometrium lining while preventing ovulation of multiple eggs
79
Menstruation
Step 4 of the menstrual cycle where uterine lining is shed so that the cycle may restart
80
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
An analog of LH that interacts with LH receptors and maintains the corpus luteum if pregnancy has occured to keep the uterine lining in place
81
Menopause
Women become less sensitive to LH and FSH as the ovary atrophies with age

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions