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Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Cycle Stages

A

G1, S, G2, M

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2
Q

G-0 Stage

A

cell is living without any preparation for division

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

uncondensed form of the chromosome found during interphase

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4
Q

G1 Stage

A

cells create organelles for energy/protein production, increase in size

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5
Q

Restriction point

A

The pass between G1 and S stages where the cell must meet certain requirements including proper DNA

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6
Q

S stage

A

Stage of the cell cycle where the cell duplicates its DNA

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7
Q

Centromere

A

The region binding the two sister chromatids following DNA replication

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8
Q

G2 Stage

A

The checking stage of the cell cycle, cell ensures DNA has been replicated properly and there is enough organelles for replication

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9
Q

M Stage

A

Mitosis, the cell actually divides

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10
Q

p53

A

The protein responsible for the restriction point that can put the cell in arrest if DNA is not good enough quality

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11
Q

Cyclins

A

group of proteins responsible for cell cycle regulation, vary in concentrations as the cycle progresses, forming complexes with CDK’s

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12
Q

CDK

A

Cyclin dependent kinase, form complexes with specific cyclins during cell cycle progression to phosphorylate cycle txn factors

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13
Q

Cancer

A

Mutations in the proteins of the cell cycle cause uncontrolled cellular proliferation

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14
Q

Tumor

A

An mass of cancerous cells undergoing unregulated growth

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15
Q

metastasis

A

Cancerous cells enter the bloodstream and begin to spread throughout the body

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16
Q

Prophase

A

1st stage of mitosis: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers project to chromosomes as nuclear membrane dissolves

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17
Q

Centrosome

A

region outside of the nucleus where the centrioles reside

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18
Q

Spindle Fibers

A

microtubule projections from the centriole that make contact with the chromosomes

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19
Q

Asters

A

MT’s projecting from the centriole that anchor it to the cell membrane

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20
Q

Kinetochores

A

Protein complex at the centromere that allow for spindle fiber attachment

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21
Q

Metaphase

A

Centriole pairs at opposite poles of the cell use spindle fibers to align the chromosomes alongthe middle of the cell

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22
Q

Metaphase plate

A

The alignment of chromosomes equidistant from the two poles of the cell during metaphase

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23
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell

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24
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin

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25
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Seperation of the cytoplasm and organelles creating two new daughter cells

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26
Q

Synapsis

A

The intertwining of homologous chromosomes during prophase I

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27
Q

Tetrad

A

The synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes contains four chromatids total so its a tetrad

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28
Q

Chiasma

A

The point of synapsis

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29
Q

Crossing Over

A

The exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes at the point of synapses during Prophase 1 of meiosis

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30
Q

Mendels Second Law of Independent Assortment

A

The inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles for other genes

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31
Q

Disjunction

A

The separation of homologous pairs during anaphase I

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32
Q

Mendel’s First Law of Segregation

A

The distribution of homologous chromosomes between two daughter cells, whether each cell gets paternal or maternal cells are random

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33
Q

Testes

A

Located in the scrotum and made up of seminferous tubules and Leydig cells, site of sperm production

34
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Highly coiled tubules within the testes where sperm are produced

35
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

The cells that nourish the sperm developing in the seminiferous tubules

36
Q

Leydig Cells

A

secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones

37
Q

Androgens

A

Male sex hormones

38
Q

Scrotum

A

External pouch located below the penis which holds the testes at a temperature 2-4 degrees celsius lower than body temp

39
Q

Epididymis

A

Where the sperm pass to following production, stored here until ejaculation

40
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sperm travel out of the epididymis through the vas deferens and out the ejaculatory duct

41
Q

Urethra

A

The two ejaculatory ducts merge here as sperm leaves the penis

42
Q

Seminal Fluid

A

Fluid produced by the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland that mix with sperm during production

43
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

contribute fructose to nourish the sperm

44
Q

Prostate Gland

A

Provide the seminal fluid with alkaline properties so it can resist the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract

45
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowpers) gland

A

Produce a clear viscous fluid that lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

46
Q

Semen

A

The combination of sperm and seminal fluid

47
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The formation of haploid sperm through meiosis that occurs in the seminiferous tubules

48
Q

Spermatogonia

A

The diploid stem cells that sperm come from

49
Q

Primary spermatocytes

A

the result of the replication of DNA in spermatogonia

50
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A

the haploid result of meiosis 1 of primary spermatocytes

51
Q

Spermatids

A

The haploid result of meiosis 2 of secondary spermatocytes

52
Q

Spermatozoa

A

The result of spermatid maturation, 4 are produced for every 1 spermatogonia

53
Q

Sperm Structure

A

Extremely compact composed of a Head, midpiece, and tail

54
Q

Midpeice

A

Filled with mitochondria which produce energy for swimming

55
Q

Acrosome

A

A modified golgi appartus that forms a Cap covering the sperm head, contains the necessary enzymes for penetrating the ovum

56
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce estrogen and progesterone

57
Q

Follicle cells

A

Multilayered sacs that contain, nourish and protect the developing egg

58
Q

Ova

A

The developing egg housed within the follice

59
Q

Ovulation

A

a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is made available to be fertilized

60
Q

Uterus

A

The site of fetal development

61
Q

Cervix

A

The lower end of the uterus that connects to the vaginal canal

62
Q

Vulva

A

The external female anatomy

63
Q

Oogenesis

A

the production of female gametes

64
Q

primary oocytes

A

oocytes that are arrested in prophase 1 prior to ovulation

65
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

An oocyte that has completed meiosis 1 and been released during ovulation

66
Q

menarche

A

A woman’s first menstrual cycle where a primary oocyte will complete meiosis 1

67
Q

zona pellucida

A

Acellular mixture that surrounds the oocyte for protection and sperm cell binding

68
Q

corona radiata

A

layer outside the zona pellucida that triggers meiosis 2 when penetrated by sperm acrosomal enzymes

69
Q

pronuclei

A

The haploid nuclei of the sperm an egg that join together to create the zygote

70
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin relasing hormone: produced during puberty to stimulate the synthesis of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland

71
Q

Testosterone

A

androgen hormone produced by the testes at high levels beginning with puberty

72
Q

Estrogen

A

female sex hormone that establishes the endometrium for zygote implantation

73
Q

Progesterone

A

female sex hormone that maintains the endometrium after it has been developed by estrogen

74
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Follicle cell that secretes progesterone in response to LH

75
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The cyclic pattern of the growing and shedding of the endometrial lining in response to hormone levels

76
Q

follicular phase

A

Step 1 of the menstrual cycle where The uterine lining of the previous cycle is shed

77
Q

Ovulation phase

A

Step 2 of the menstrual cycle where a surge in LH triggers the release of an egg from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity

78
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Step 3 of the menstrual cycle where high progesterone levels maintain the endometrium lining while preventing ovulation of multiple eggs

79
Q

Menstruation

A

Step 4 of the menstrual cycle where uterine lining is shed so that the cycle may restart

80
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

An analog of LH that interacts with LH receptors and maintains the corpus luteum if pregnancy has occured to keep the uterine lining in place

81
Q

Menopause

A

Women become less sensitive to LH and FSH as the ovary atrophies with age

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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