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MCAT Biology > Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Ampulla

A

The widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization usually occurs

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2
Q

Acrosomal Apparatus

A

a tubelike structure that allows the sperm pronucleus to enter the secondary oocyte

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3
Q

cortical reaction

A

a release of calcium ions that results from sperm penetrating the membrane, depolarizes the cell preventing fertilization by more than 1 sperm

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4
Q

Fertilization membrane

A

The depolarized and impenetrable membrane following the cortical reaction

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5
Q

Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins

A

Fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulation cycle, not genetically identical

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6
Q

Monozygotic (Identical) Twins

A

Occur when a single zygote spits in two creating genetically identical twins

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7
Q

Conjoined Twins

A

Result of an incompelete splitting of the zygote

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid mitotic division by the zygote as it moves from the fallopian tubes to the uterus, zygote size remains the same, smaller cells are produced

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9
Q

Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Divisions during cleavage that results in cells that can still develop into full organisms independently

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10
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

Divisions during cleavage that result in cells who’s fates on what they will differentiate into have been decided

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11
Q

Morula

A

The embryo following cleavage, a solid mass of cells

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12
Q

Blastulation

A

The formation of the hollow ball of cells divided into the trophoblast and the inner cell mass

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13
Q

Blastula or blastocyst

A

Result of blastulation, ball of cells with a hollow fluid center known as the blastocoel

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14
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells of the blastocyst that will eventually become the placenta

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15
Q

Inner cell Mass

A

Cells of the blastocyst that will eventually form the organism itself

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16
Q

Chorion

A

Extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast following implantation, eventually will become the placenta

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17
Q

Umbilical cord

A

connects the embryo to the placenta

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18
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Site of early blood cell development that also supports the embryo prior to functional placenta development

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19
Q

Allantois

A

Extraembryonic membrane responsible for fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac

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20
Q

Amnion

A

Extraembryonic membrane surrounding the allantois, it is filled with amniotic fluid and provides protection

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21
Q

Gastrulation

A

The generation of three distinct germ layers following implantation

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22
Q

gastrula

A

The resulting embryo following the processes of gastrulation

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23
Q

Archenteron

A

The membrane invagination into the blastocoel which will later develop into the gut

24
Q

Blastopore

A

the opening of the archenteron, in deutersomes it becomes the anus, in protosomes it becomes the mouth.

25
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outermost germ layer that will later give rise to the skin, and nervous system

26
Q

Mesoderm

A

the middle germ layer that will give rise to the muscles, skeleton and circulatory system

27
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost germ layer that will give rise to the digestive and respiratory system

28
Q

Induction

A

The ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of others

29
Q

Inducers

A

chemical substances that diffuse from organizing cells to responsive cells mediating induction

30
Q

Neuraltion

A

Development of the nervous system

31
Q

Notochord

A

rod of mesodermal cells that forms the primitive spinal cord, induces ectodermal cells to form the neural tube

32
Q

Neural tube

A

The result of neural plate folding, will eventually form the central nervous system

33
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A

Migrate out from the neural folds to form the peripheral nervous system

34
Q

teratogens

A

Substances that interfere with development causing defects and death

35
Q

morphogens

A

Secreted molecules that cause nearby cells to follow a specific developmental path

36
Q

Stem Cells

A

Cells that have not yet differentiated and can give rise to other cells which will differentiate

37
Q

Growth Factors

A

peptides that commonly function as inducers by promoting differentation and mitosis

38
Q

Reciprocal Development

A

Two way induction between two groups of cells

39
Q

apoptotic blebs

A

The result of apoptosis, self contained peices that can be digested by other cells

40
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death as a result of injury, causing irritation and immune response

41
Q

Regenerative Capacity

A

The ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body

42
Q

complete regeneration

A

lost are damaged tissue is completely replaced with identical tissue

43
Q

incomplete regeneration

A

newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function to that lost

44
Q

Senescence

A

Biological aging occuring as a result of changes at the cellular and organismal level

45
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF)

A

hemoglobin that exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen than that of the mother

46
Q

Umbilical Arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus toward the placenta

47
Q

Umbilical Veins

A

Carries oxygenated blood towards the fetus from the placenta

48
Q

Shunts

A

in the fetus these strucutures direct blood away from lungs and liver since they are underdeveloped

49
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Shunt in the fetus that directs blood from the right atrium to the left atrium into systemic circulation bypassing the lungs

50
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta into systemic circulation

51
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

Shunts blood returning from the placenta directly to the inferior vena cava bypassing the liver

52
Q

Fetus

A

the result of the first trimester containing most organs, and a partial brain

53
Q

first trimester

A

Skeleton begins to harden, most major organs form, and the brain is mostly developed

54
Q

Second trimester

A

tremendous growth occurs, toes and fingers elongate

55
Q

Third trimester

A

Rapid growth and further brain development, antibody transport to prepare immune system

56
Q

Birth

A
  1. Cervix thins and amniotic sac ruptures
  2. Strong uterine contractions birth fetus
  3. Umbilical cord and placenta are expelled
57
Q

Prostaglandins/Oxytocin

A

coordinate smooth muscle contraction during childbirth

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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