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anatomy > The endocrine system > Flashcards

The endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is a control system with 3 main functions. What are they?

A

Maintenance of homeostasis
To help the body react properly to stress
Regulation of growth and development including sexual development and reproduction

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2
Q

How is the system organised?

A

Endocrine glands

Hormones

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Tissues and organs that secrete hormones

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers released into the blood stream

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5
Q

Where do hormones travel?

A

Travel to all parts of the body, but only effective in specific target cells

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6
Q

What do hormones work together to control?

A

Feedback mechanisms

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7
Q

Name the endocrine organs/glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal
Thymus
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads
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8
Q

How many hormones does the hypothalamus produces and how many regulate the anterior pituitary?

A

9

7

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9
Q

What are the two hormones that are released into the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic

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10
Q

What is also known as the master gland as it controls the majority of other endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary

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11
Q

Where is the pituitary located and what are the two lobes?

A

Below the hypothalamus in Sella turcica of sphenoid

Anterior Adenohypophysis
Posterior Neurohypophysis

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12
Q

What are the pituitary hormones?

A 
Thyroid
Melanocyte
Prolactin
Growth hormone
Gonadotropins
Adrenocorticotrophic
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13
Q

What does the pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin (at night)

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14
Q

When is peak secretion of melatonin?

A

1-5yr olds

75% lower by puberty

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15
Q

When is melatonin oncreaed and decreased?

A

Increase- SAD + PMS

Decrease- by phototherapy

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16
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In mediastinum superior to the heart

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17
Q

What does the thymus secrete?

A

Hormones that regulate development and later activation of T-lymphocytes

18
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid gland

19
Q

What do follicular glands do?

A 
Secrete thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
Increase rate of metabolism
20
Q

What do parafollicular cells do?

A

Secrete calcitonin

Decreases calcium and phosphate in blood

21
Q

What does the release of the parathyroid gland do to when CA+2 levels rise?

A

Increase in Ca+2
Increase in bone resorption
Decrease in urinary excretion

22
Q

What are the >25 steroid hormones synthesised from cholesterol?

A

Corticosteroids

Corticoids

23
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

Control electrolyte balance e.g aldosterone acts on kidneys to retain Na+ and excrete K+ -> maintains blood volume and pressure

24
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Secreted in response to ACTH

25
Q

What are sex steroids?

A

Weak androgens and small amounts of oestrogen

26
Q

Chromaffin cells secrete hormones of the adrenal medula. What are these two hormones?

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

27
Q

What do hormones of the adrenal medulla affect and when do they rise?

A

Affect heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure

Rises in conditions of fear, pain and other kinds of stress

28
Q

What is included in the pancreatic Islets of Langerhams?

A 
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
F cells 
G Cells
29
Q

What do alpha cells release?

A

Glucagon- glycogen breakdown in liver, release of glucose to blood; stimulates fat catabolism

30
Q

What do beta cells release?

A

Insulin- synthesis of glycogen, fat and protein

31
Q

What do delta cells release?

A

Somastatin- paracrine secretion to moderate other islet cells

32
Q

What do F cells release?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide- Inhibits gall bladder contraction

33
Q

What do G cells release?

A

Gastrin- stimulates acid secretion, motility and emptying of stomach

34
Q

What do gonads in the ovaries produce and do?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

Female reproducitve system
Menstrual cycle
Sustaining pregnancy
Preparing mammary glands for lactation

35
Q

What do gonads in the testis secrete and do?

A

Leydig cells produce testosterone

Stimulates development of male reproductive system
Masculine physique
Sex drive
Maintains sperm production

36
Q

What are the endocrine function of other organs?

A

Skin, heart, gut and placenta

Liver and kidneys

37
Q

What is the function of skin in the endocrine system?

A

Keratinocytes help produce vitamin D3

38
Q

What is the function of the heart in the endocrine system?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide released with an increase in BP

39
Q

What is the function of stomach and small intestines in the endocrine system?

A

Coordinate digestive motility and secretion

40
Q

What is the function of the placenta in the endocrine system?

A

Secretes oestrogen, progesterone and others

41
Q

What is the function of liver in the endocrine system?

A

Converts vitamin d3 to calcidiol
Secretes angiotensionogen
Secretes about 15% of erythropoietin

42
Q

What is the function of kidneys in the endocrine system?

A

Converts calcidiol to calcitriol
Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin
Produce 85% of erythropoietin

anatomy (9 decks)

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