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anatomy > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system contain?

A

Skin
Hair
Fingernails
Toenails

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2
Q

What is the largest organ of the body and what percentage of the body does it take up?

A

Skin

15%

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3
Q

Name the three layers of the skin and what the functions are?

A

Epidermis- Stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis- Connective tissue layer (part processed for leather
Hypodermis- Rich blood supply and fat layer

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4
Q

What are the types of epithelium?

A 
Stratified, keratinous (prevents water loss)
Continous epithelium (no breaks in skin)
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5
Q

What is the pigments in skin?

A

Melanin

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6
Q

What are the proteins in skin?

A

Collagen

Elastin

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7
Q

What are the sensory perception in skin?

A

Receptors

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8
Q

What allows the skin to regulate blood temperature?

A

Blood flow, hair follicles and sweat glands, fat

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9
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A 
Protection against:
Mechanical abrasion
Water loss
Micro-organisms
UV
Stretching

Conveying information
Temperature regulation

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10
Q

What are some common cancer diseases of the skin?

A

Skin cancer:
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

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11
Q

How does basal cell carcinoma arise?

A

Arises from the stratum basal and invades the dermis

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12
Q

How does squamous cell carcinoma arise?

A

Arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

Metastasis to the lymph nodes can be lethal

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13
Q

How does malignant melanoma arise?

A

Arises from melanocytes of a pre-existing mole

ABCD-Asymmetry, Border irregular, Colour mixed, Diameter over 6mm

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14
Q

What are common diseases of the skin?

A

Acne vulgaris
Decubitus Ulcers (bed sores)
Warts

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15
Q

What are causes of burns?

A 
Hot water
Sunlight
Radiation
Electricity
Acids/bases
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16
Q

How can burns become fatal?

A

Fluid loss
Infection
Effects of Eschar (dead tissue0

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17
Q

How are burns characterised?

What are their characteristics?

A

Superficial- Only epidermis involved (red, painful and swelling)
Partial thickness- Epidermis and part of the dermis involved with blistering. The epidermis will regenerate hair follicles and sweat glands
Full thickness- Epidermis, drmis and more is destroyed. This will often require skin grafts or fibrosis and disfigurement may occur

18
Q

Why wont a patient who faces a severe burn not be in pain?

A

This may be due to the fact nerve tissue is damaged including sensory receptors, therefore cant feel pain

19
Q

What are the types of treatments given for a severe burn (full thickness burn)?

A

Autograft
Isograft
Cultured kerantinocyte patches

20
Q

What is an autograft?

A

Tissue from a different region of the patients own body

21
Q

What is an isograft?

A

Tissue grafted from an identical twin

22
Q

What are some temporary graft options?

A

Homograft (Allograft)- Graft from an unrelated patient
Heterograft (Xenograft)- Tissue from another species
Amnion of an afterbirth
Artificial skin from silicone and collagen
3D bioprinting

23
Q

What is the benefit of an isograft?

A

Body wont reject as it is from an identical twin

24
Q

Why is temperory graft options temporary?

A

The patient would have to be on immunosuppressent therapy fro life to prevent rejection

25
Q

What are skin creases/cleavage lines caused by?

A

Caused in part by the orientation of collagen in the dermis

26
Q

State the length of healing time for skin if cut along or across the cleavage line

A

Along- heals rapidly

Across- heals slowly

27
Q

What are epidermal ridges, how do they arise and what is an example?

A

Folds in the outer layer of the skin
Arise during embryonic development as a mean of gripping items
Fingerprints

28
Q

What is pigmentation?

A

How the skin carries colour

29
Q

How does the vascular system pigment the skin?

A

The blood vessels in your skin carry heamoglobin which has a red colouration.
Visible through the dermal collagen fibres

30
Q

What are the two pigments in the skin and their characteristics?

A

Carotene- Yellow pigment

Melanin- Brown,red pigment

31
Q

Where is carotene concentrated?

A

Concentrated in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

32
Q

How is melanin produced?

A

Produced by melanocytes

Synthesis stimulated by UV radiation from sunlight

33
Q

How are yellow/red and brown/black melanin pigments caused?

A

Yellow/red- Pheomelanin

Black/brown- Eumelanin

34
Q

How does albinism arise?

A

Lack of pigmentation production

35
Q

What are the abnormal pigmentations?

A 
Cyanosis
Erythema
Jaundice
Pallor
Albinism
Hemotoma
36
Q

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in cyanosis?

A

Blueness resulting from defiance of oxygen in the circulating blood (cold weather)

37
Q

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in erythema?

A

Redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment)

38
Q

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in jaundice?

A

Yellowing of the skin and sclera due to excess bilirubin in blood (liver disease)

39
Q

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in pallor?

A

Pale colour from lack of blood flow

40
Q

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in alinism?

A

Genetic lack of melanin

41
Q

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in hematoma?

A

Bruise (visible clotted blood)

42
Q

What aspects of the integumentary system can be used for identification?

A

Fingerprints
Vein pattern analysis
Knuckle creases
Scars

anatomy (9 decks)

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