Integumentary system

Question 1

What does the integumentary system contain?

Answer 1

Skin
Hair
Fingernails
Toenails

Question 2

What is the largest organ of the body and what percentage of the body does it take up?

Answer 2

Skin

15%

Question 3

Name the three layers of the skin and what the functions are?

Answer 3

Epidermis- Stratified squamous epithelium
Dermis- Connective tissue layer (part processed for leather
Hypodermis- Rich blood supply and fat layer

Question 4

What are the types of epithelium?

Answer 4

Stratified, keratinous (prevents water loss)
Continous epithelium (no breaks in skin)

Question 5

What is the pigments in skin?

Answer 5

Melanin

Question 6

What are the proteins in skin?

Answer 6

Collagen

Elastin

Question 7

What are the sensory perception in skin?

Answer 7

Receptors

Question 8

What allows the skin to regulate blood temperature?

Answer 8

Blood flow, hair follicles and sweat glands, fat

Question 9

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 9

Protection against:
Mechanical abrasion
Water loss
Micro-organisms
UV
Stretching

Conveying information
Temperature regulation

Question 10

What are some common cancer diseases of the skin?

Answer 10

Skin cancer:
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

Question 11

How does basal cell carcinoma arise?

Answer 11

Arises from the stratum basal and invades the dermis

Question 12

How does squamous cell carcinoma arise?

Answer 12

Arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum

Metastasis to the lymph nodes can be lethal

Question 13

How does malignant melanoma arise?

Answer 13

Arises from melanocytes of a pre-existing mole

ABCD-Asymmetry, Border irregular, Colour mixed, Diameter over 6mm

Question 14

What are common diseases of the skin?

Answer 14

Acne vulgaris
Decubitus Ulcers (bed sores)
Warts

Question 15

What are causes of burns?

Answer 15

Hot water
Sunlight
Radiation
Electricity
Acids/bases

Question 16

How can burns become fatal?

Answer 16

Fluid loss
Infection
Effects of Eschar (dead tissue0

Question 17

How are burns characterised?

What are their characteristics?

Answer 17

Superficial- Only epidermis involved (red, painful and swelling)
Partial thickness- Epidermis and part of the dermis involved with blistering. The epidermis will regenerate hair follicles and sweat glands
Full thickness- Epidermis, drmis and more is destroyed. This will often require skin grafts or fibrosis and disfigurement may occur

Question 18

Why wont a patient who faces a severe burn not be in pain?

Answer 18

This may be due to the fact nerve tissue is damaged including sensory receptors, therefore cant feel pain

Question 19

What are the types of treatments given for a severe burn (full thickness burn)?

Answer 19

Autograft
Isograft
Cultured kerantinocyte patches

Question 20

What is an autograft?

Answer 20

Tissue from a different region of the patients own body

Question 21

What is an isograft?

Answer 21

Tissue grafted from an identical twin

Question 22

What are some temporary graft options?

Answer 22

Homograft (Allograft)- Graft from an unrelated patient
Heterograft (Xenograft)- Tissue from another species
Amnion of an afterbirth
Artificial skin from silicone and collagen
3D bioprinting

Question 23

What is the benefit of an isograft?

Answer 23

Body wont reject as it is from an identical twin

Question 24

Why is temperory graft options temporary?

Answer 24

The patient would have to be on immunosuppressent therapy fro life to prevent rejection

Question 25

What are skin creases/cleavage lines caused by?

Answer 25

Caused in part by the orientation of collagen in the dermis

Question 26

State the length of healing time for skin if cut along or across the cleavage line

Answer 26

Along- heals rapidly | Across- heals slowly

Question 27

What are epidermal ridges, how do they arise and what is an example?

Answer 27

Folds in the outer layer of the skin Arise during embryonic development as a mean of gripping items Fingerprints

Question 28

What is pigmentation?

Answer 28

How the skin carries colour

Question 29

How does the vascular system pigment the skin?

Answer 29

The blood vessels in your skin carry heamoglobin which has a red colouration. Visible through the dermal collagen fibres

Question 30

What are the two pigments in the skin and their characteristics?

Answer 30

Carotene- Yellow pigment | Melanin- Brown,red pigment

Question 31

Where is carotene concentrated?

Answer 31

Concentrated in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

Question 32

How is melanin produced?

Answer 32

Produced by melanocytes | Synthesis stimulated by UV radiation from sunlight

Question 33

How are yellow/red and brown/black melanin pigments caused?

Answer 33

Yellow/red- Pheomelanin | Black/brown- Eumelanin

Question 34

How does albinism arise?

Answer 34

Lack of pigmentation production

Question 35

What are the abnormal pigmentations?

Answer 35

``` Cyanosis Erythema Jaundice Pallor Albinism Hemotoma ```

Question 36

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in cyanosis?

Answer 36

Blueness resulting from defiance of oxygen in the circulating blood (cold weather)

Question 37

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in erythema?

Answer 37

Redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment)

Question 38

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in jaundice?

Answer 38

Yellowing of the skin and sclera due to excess bilirubin in blood (liver disease)

Question 39

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in pallor?

Answer 39

Pale colour from lack of blood flow

Question 40

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in alinism?

Answer 40

Genetic lack of melanin

Question 41

How do the abnormal pigmentations arise in hematoma?

Answer 41

Bruise (visible clotted blood)

Question 42

What aspects of the integumentary system can be used for identification?

Answer 42

Fingerprints Vein pattern analysis Knuckle creases Scars