Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the upper and lower respiratory tract connected by?
The larynx
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
Filters, warms and moistens air
Passage to the pharynx
What are the two features of the nasal cavity?
Conchae
Meatuses
What is the conchae?
Folds of tissue on lateral wall of nasal fossa
Mucous membranes supported by thin turbinate bones
What is the meatuses?
Narrow air passage beneath each concha
What are paranasal sinuses?
What are their functions?
Spaces found in the skull
Produces mucous and acts as resonators for speech
What are the three distinct components of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What is the function of the pharynx?
Passage between nose, mouth and larynx/oesophagus
What is the function of the larynx?
Passage for air between pharynx and lower respiratory tract phonation
What part of the larynx is known as the adams apple?
The thyroid cartilage
What are the components of the larynx anterior view?
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage - connects to trachea
What is made of elastic cartilage and closes the throat whilst swallowing to ensure food goes to oesophagus and doesnt enter the larynx?
Epiglottis
What two other cartilgenous components can be seen on the posterior view of the larynx?
Arytenoid cartilage
What does the movement of arytenoid cartilage do?
Opening and closing of vocal folds in the larynx
How are the vocal folds attached to the larynx?
Inferiorly to the upper body of the cricoid cartilage
Anteriorly to the center of the thyroid cartilage
Posteriorly to the two aryteoid cartilage
How does phoantion create the sound for speech?
Closure of the folds creates vinrations when the air passes through which makes soundn or what is heard wehn speaking
What muscle is used for the abduction (opening) of the vocal folds?
Posterior cricoarytenoid
What muscle is used for the adduction (closing) of vocal folds?
Lateral cricoarytenoid
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea
Lungs and pleura
Bronchial tree
Alveoli and gaseous exchange
Where does the trachea begin?
C6/7 below the larynx
What does the trachea divide into?
Right and left bronchi at the carina
What is the carina?
V-shaped cartilage at transverse thoracic plane (T4/5)
What cartilage and muscle is loacted aneteriorly and posteriorly on the cartilage?
Anteriorly- C-shaped cartilage
Posteriorly- Trachealis muscle (accommodates expansion of oesopgahus)
What are features of the lungs?
Rounded
Apex
What 3 surfaces do the lungs have?
Diaphragmatic inferiorly
Costal surface laterally
Mediastinal surface medially
How many lobes does the right and left lung contain?
Right- 3 lobes
Left- 2 lobes
What are the lobes in the lungs called?
Right- Superior, middle,inferior
Left- Superior, inferior
What is the hilem on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?
The region where structures enter and leave the lung
What are the most anterior and the most inferior structures at the left and right lung hilum?
Pulmonary veins
What is the cardiac impression seen on the right lung?
Superior vena cava
What is the purpose of the pleura?
Allows the lungs to inflate and deflate in a friction free environment
What is the parietal pleura?
Lines the pulmonary cavity and has cervical, costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal parts
What is the visceral pleura?
Covers the surface of the lung
Where is the visceral and parietal pleura continuous on the lung?
Hilum of the lung
What is the function of the bronchial tree?
Passage for air to and from the lungs
What is the sequence of components from the trachea that form the bronchial tree?
Trachea > Right and left main bronchus > 3/2 lobar bronchi > segmental bronchi
What does segmental bronchi form?
Bronchioles
conducting, terminal, respiratory
What do bronchioles go on to form?
Alveolar duct, alveolar sac with capillary plexus
Where does gaseous exhange take place and how?
The relationship between the alveoli and capillaries creates the blood-air interface, where gaseous exchange takes place.
Oxygen in the air we breath in enters the blood, and carbon dioxide in the blood enters the alveolus and is removed from the body when we breathe out.
What are the 3 respiratory movements?
Rib cage and changes dimension
Inspiration
Expiration
How does the rib cage change dimension anteriorly-posteriorly, laterally and vertically?
Anterior-posterior- Sternum moves anteriorly and superiorly
Lateral- Lower ribcage moves laterally
Vertical- Diaphragm descends
In normal, shallow breathing at rest, what is the primary muscle of inspiration
Diaphragm
What are the 3 intercostal muscles located in the intercostal space between adjacent ribs?
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
What is the dome shaped muscle that bulges up into the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
What do scalenes do?
Raise the upper ribs
What do the external intercostals do?
Elevate 2-12 pairs ribs
What muscles are used in deep inspiration?
Pectorilis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles
Fill in gaps regarding expiration-
As volume of thoracic cavity (1), intrapulmonary pressure (2) and air is expelled
(1) decreases
(2) increases
What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during forced expiration?
Ribs are depressed
During forced expiration, what do contracted abdominal muscles do?
Increased intra-abdominal pressure forces diaphragm upward, increases pressure on thoracic cavity
Forces air out of the lungs
