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anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the upper and lower respiratory tract connected by?

A

The larynx

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2
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Filters, warms and moistens air

Passage to the pharynx

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3
Q

What are the two features of the nasal cavity?

A

Conchae

Meatuses

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4
Q

What is the conchae?

A

Folds of tissue on lateral wall of nasal fossa

Mucous membranes supported by thin turbinate bones

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5
Q

What is the meatuses?

A

Narrow air passage beneath each concha

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6
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

What are their functions?

A

Spaces found in the skull

Produces mucous and acts as resonators for speech

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7
Q

What are the three distinct components of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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8
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Passage between nose, mouth and larynx/oesophagus

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9
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Passage for air between pharynx and lower respiratory tract phonation

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10
Q

What part of the larynx is known as the adams apple?

A

The thyroid cartilage

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11
Q

What are the components of the larynx anterior view?

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage - connects to trachea

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12
Q

What is made of elastic cartilage and closes the throat whilst swallowing to ensure food goes to oesophagus and doesnt enter the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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13
Q

What two other cartilgenous components can be seen on the posterior view of the larynx?

A

Arytenoid cartilage

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14
Q

What does the movement of arytenoid cartilage do?

A

Opening and closing of vocal folds in the larynx

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15
Q

How are the vocal folds attached to the larynx?

A

Inferiorly to the upper body of the cricoid cartilage

Anteriorly to the center of the thyroid cartilage

Posteriorly to the two aryteoid cartilage

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16
Q

How does phoantion create the sound for speech?

A

Closure of the folds creates vinrations when the air passes through which makes soundn or what is heard wehn speaking

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17
Q

What muscle is used for the abduction (opening) of the vocal folds?

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid

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18
Q

What muscle is used for the adduction (closing) of vocal folds?

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid

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19
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Lungs and pleura
Bronchial tree
Alveoli and gaseous exchange

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20
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

C6/7 below the larynx

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21
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Right and left bronchi at the carina

22
Q

What is the carina?

A

V-shaped cartilage at transverse thoracic plane (T4/5)

23
Q

What cartilage and muscle is loacted aneteriorly and posteriorly on the cartilage?

A

Anteriorly- C-shaped cartilage

Posteriorly- Trachealis muscle (accommodates expansion of oesopgahus)

24
Q

What are features of the lungs?

A

Rounded

Apex

25
Q

What 3 surfaces do the lungs have?

A

Diaphragmatic inferiorly
Costal surface laterally
Mediastinal surface medially

26
Q

How many lobes does the right and left lung contain?

A

Right- 3 lobes

Left- 2 lobes

27
Q

What are the lobes in the lungs called?

A

Right- Superior, middle,inferior

Left- Superior, inferior

28
Q

What is the hilem on the mediastinal surface of the left lung?

A

The region where structures enter and leave the lung

29
Q

What are the most anterior and the most inferior structures at the left and right lung hilum?

A

Pulmonary veins

30
Q

What is the cardiac impression seen on the right lung?

A

Superior vena cava

31
Q

What is the purpose of the pleura?

A

Allows the lungs to inflate and deflate in a friction free environment

32
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

Lines the pulmonary cavity and has cervical, costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal parts

33
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

Covers the surface of the lung

34
Q

Where is the visceral and parietal pleura continuous on the lung?

A

Hilum of the lung

35
Q

What is the function of the bronchial tree?

A

Passage for air to and from the lungs

36
Q

What is the sequence of components from the trachea that form the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea > Right and left main bronchus > 3/2 lobar bronchi > segmental bronchi

37
Q

What does segmental bronchi form?

A

Bronchioles

conducting, terminal, respiratory

38
Q

What do bronchioles go on to form?

A

Alveolar duct, alveolar sac with capillary plexus

39
Q

Where does gaseous exhange take place and how?

A

The relationship between the alveoli and capillaries creates the blood-air interface, where gaseous exchange takes place.

Oxygen in the air we breath in enters the blood, and carbon dioxide in the blood enters the alveolus and is removed from the body when we breathe out.

40
Q

What are the 3 respiratory movements?

A

Rib cage and changes dimension

Inspiration

Expiration

41
Q

How does the rib cage change dimension anteriorly-posteriorly, laterally and vertically?

A

Anterior-posterior- Sternum moves anteriorly and superiorly

Lateral- Lower ribcage moves laterally

Vertical- Diaphragm descends

42
Q

In normal, shallow breathing at rest, what is the primary muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

43
Q

What are the 3 intercostal muscles located in the intercostal space between adjacent ribs?

A

External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal

44
Q

What is the dome shaped muscle that bulges up into the thoracic cavity?

A

Diaphragm

45
Q

What do scalenes do?

A

Raise the upper ribs

46
Q

What do the external intercostals do?

A

Elevate 2-12 pairs ribs

47
Q

What muscles are used in deep inspiration?

A

Pectorilis minor, sternocleidomastoid and erector spinae muscles

48
Q

Fill in gaps regarding expiration-

As volume of thoracic cavity (1), intrapulmonary pressure (2) and air is expelled

A

(1) decreases

(2) increases

49
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during forced expiration?

A

Ribs are depressed

50
Q

During forced expiration, what do contracted abdominal muscles do?

A

Increased intra-abdominal pressure forces diaphragm upward, increases pressure on thoracic cavity
Forces air out of the lungs

anatomy (9 decks)

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