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anatomy I > The embryonic period (exam 1) > Flashcards

The embryonic period (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Extraembryonic (XE) Mesoderm derived from

A

Epiblast (&yolk sac)

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2
Q

where is the extraembryonic (XE) mesoderm found

A

between inner lining of the cytotrophoblast and the yolk sac

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3
Q

What is the function of the extraembryonic (XE) Mesoderm

A

Continue to separate embryo from surrounding uterine tissue

new layer is important in forming the matron-fetal interface (placenta)

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4
Q

What is the fetal contribution to the placenta

A

Chorion

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5
Q

what does the XE splanchnic viscera become

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

what is the maternal contribution to the placenta

A

Endometrial lining

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7
Q

Pregnancy US may be done in the first trimester to

A

Confirm a normal pregnancy
Determine the baby’s age
look for problems, such as ectopic pregnancies or the chances for a miscarriage
determine the baby’s heart rate
look for multiple pregnancies
identify problems of the placenta, uterus, cervix, and ovaries

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8
Q

what takes place in the embryonic period

A
  • all major body systems develop
  • 2D disk to 3D cylinder
  • Folding of the embryo
  • Craniocaudal folding- CNS
  • Lateral folding- amnio/body wall
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9
Q

What is the beginning of morphogenesis

A

Development of body form

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10
Q

what is morphogenesis

A

Development of body form

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11
Q

What forms a trilaminar embryonic disk

A

Gastrulation

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12
Q

what establishes the 3 primary germ layers

A

Gastrulation

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13
Q

The 3 tissue layers give rise to what

A

All tissues and organs of the adult

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14
Q

What marks the beginning of gastrulation

A

The appearance of the primitive streak

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15
Q

What marks the future axis of the embryo

A

The primitive streak

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16
Q

The buccopharyngeal membrane becomes what

A

The mouth

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17
Q

What does the cloacal membrane become

A

The anus

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18
Q

how does the primitive streak form

A

proliferation of epiblast cells, cels migrate to the center of the embryo

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19
Q

At what end does the primitive streak elongate

A

At the caudal end

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20
Q

what is a sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

Remnants of a primitive streak
derivatives of all 3 germ layers
common tumor type in newborn (1:35000)
Bizarre mixture of tissue types (all layers)

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21
Q

what is caudal dysplasia

A

Germ layer disorder
total or partial failure of development of the lower vertebrae, including the sacrum, which results in associated abnormalities of the lower extremities, spine, kidneys, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts
- also known as sacral agenesis, sacral regression, caudal aplasia, caudal regression sequence, sirenomelia

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22
Q

What causes caudal dysplasia

A

Abnormal gastrulation
mesoderm migration is disturbed
Maternal diabetes?
- in about 16% of cases (relative risk for a child
diabetic mother: about 1%

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23
Q

What is caudal dysgenesis

A

Caudal dysgenesis with complete absence of the sacrum and lower vertebrae, multiple congenital anomalies, and association with maternal diabetes

  • Agenesis of the distal sacral or coccygeal segments
  • Hemisacral dysgenesis with presacral teratoma
  • Hemisacral dysgenesis with anterior meningocele (SDAM)
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24
Q

when does the primitive streak appear

A

around the 14th day

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25
Q

what is the primitive streak replaced by

A

Notochord

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26
Q

where dos the notochord form

A

in the middle layer (mesoderm)

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27
Q

what are the functions of the notochord

A

Structure- acts as a rigid axis around which the embryo develops
skeletal- foundation upon which the vertebral column (vertebral bodies) will form
Forms part of the intervertebral discs
induction- will bring about formation of the neural tube (future nervous system)

28
Q

what is a chordoma

A

Primary malignant bone cancer
origin: develops form remnants of embryonic notochord
Location: found in skull-base (head) and spine
Incidence: 1 per million per year: about 300 new cases per year in the U.S.
Average age at diagnosis: 49 for skull base, 59 for spine
age range: all ages
Average survival: 7 years
Gender distribution: affects men more than women
Treatment options: primarily surgery and radiation
Approved Drugs: none

29
Q

How is the notochord formed

A

Migrating cells also form a median column of cells posterior to head region

30
Q

What is the notochords involvement in neural tube development

A

Specific signaling molecules are produced by cells of the notochord that elicit a response in the overlying ectoderm to begin the process of neurulation (formation of the neural tube)

31
Q

what is induction

A

when one group of cells/tissues causes another set of cells/tissues to change their fate

32
Q

what are some factors that play a key role in induction

A

Timing, duration, and strength of signaling

33
Q

do responders cross-talk with inducers

A

Yes

34
Q

Most signalling molecules are what

A

proteins synthesized by an inducer cell

35
Q

What are GDFs

A

Growth and differentiation factors (type of cell-to-cell signaling molecule)

36
Q

Describe Neurulation

A

Specific molecules are produced by cells of the notochord that elicit a response in the overlying ectoderm to begin the process of neurulation (formation of the neural tube)

  • will separate the ectoderm into two parts
    • epithelial (surface) ectoderm
    • neural ectoderm
37
Q

steps of neurulation

A
  1. ) thickening of neural plate
  2. ) Formation of the neural folds and groove
  3. ) convergence of the lateral margins of the neural plate
  4. ) fusion of the neural plate to form the neural tube
38
Q

Derivatives of ectoderm

A

Epithelial or surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm

39
Q

what is made up of epithelial ectoderm

A

(organs and systems that maintain contact with the environment)
Epidermis, hair, nails, tooth enamel, cutaneous glands (sweat, oil, ceruminous), mammary glands, anterior pituitary, lens of the eye, inner ear (membranous labyrinth), sensory nasal epithelium

40
Q

Where is neuroectoderm derived

A

derived from neural plate and neural folds

41
Q

What are the two groups of neuroectoderm

A

Neural tube and neural crest

42
Q

What is made from cells form the neural tube

A

CNS, retina, pineal body, and posterior pituitary

43
Q

What is made form neural crest cells

A

Sensory ganglia and nerves of the PNS (cranial and spinal) autonomic ganglia and postganglionic fibers, schwann cells, adrenal medulla, pigment cells, pharyngeal arch cartilages. components of the eye, skull, teeth and skin. separation of the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and structure of the face

44
Q

Ectodermal Dysplasia (ED) syndromes

A

group of 150 heritable disorder that affect the ectoderm, the outer layer of tissue in a developing baby. ED syndromes affect both males and females of all races and ethnic groups
- diagnosed if a child has at least two ectodermal abnormalities for example, malformed teeth and extremely sparse hair)

45
Q

Pigmentary disorder

A

Diseases of melanocyte development, function and survival

46
Q

Piebaldism

A

A pigment disorder

characterized y a congenital white forelock and multiple symmetrical hypopigmented or depigmented areas

47
Q

why does albinism cause nystagmus

A

presence of melanin during ocular development is important
fovea fails to develop properly if melanin is absent during development
neural connection between the retina and brain are altered if melanin is absent during development

48
Q

Vitiligo

A

pigment disorder

  • loss of melanocytes
  • autoimmune disorder
  • 75-80% success rate with melanocyte transplants
49
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

50
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

51
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain

52
Q

Where does the bend in neural folding occur

A

At the mesencephalon (midbrain)

53
Q

Inencephaly

A

Extreme retroflexion of the head short and almost absent neck, hyperextended spine, facial sin is connected directly to the skin of the chest; the scalp is directly connected to the skin of the back

54
Q

Encephalocele

A

Cranium bifida
cranial defect with herniation of intracranial contents, most common in the occipital region
just the meninges

55
Q

Meningoencephalocele

A

Cranium bifida

is the meninges and brain

56
Q

Meningohydroencephalocele

A

Cranium bifida

meninges, brain, & ventricular system

57
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformation

A

herniation of cerebellar vermis or tonsils through the foramen magnum blocking the flow of CSF

58
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of the caudal neuropore to close

59
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

failure of the caudal neuropore to close
spinal cord is normal
tufts of hair
vertebral arches fail to unite

60
Q

Spina bifida meningocele

A

failure of the caudal neuropore to close

dura and arachnoid also protrude

61
Q

Spina bifida meningomyelocele (spina bifida cystica)

A

Failure of the caudal neuropore to close

neural tissue also protrudes with dura and arachnoid mater

62
Q

how much folic acid are women advised to take to reduce NTDs (neural tube defects)

A

.4mg of folic acid
prevents 70% of human neural tube defects
also may reduce rate of congenital heart disease

63
Q

evidence suggests that increased levels of what may lead to failure of the neural tube to close

A

Homocysteine levels (homocysteine to methionine)

64
Q

what is the triple marker screen test

A

measures the levels of fetoprotein (AFD), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and estriol
AFD is made in fetal liver. fetus with NTD will have AFD leak into amniotic fluid and thus be in mothers blood.
AFD is increase with NTD, and decreased with Trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18
free bHCG- increased with trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18
Unconjugated Estriol (uE3)- Decreased in Trisomy 21 and Trisomy 18

65
Q

where is Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) produced

A

Fetal liver

66
Q

Who loves Halen?

A

Tyler!!!

anatomy I (7 decks)

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