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anatomy I > Embryology: Placenta, Amniotic fluid & umbilical cord (exam 1) > Flashcards

Embryology: Placenta, Amniotic fluid & umbilical cord (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the placenta

A

Embryonic (chorion frondosum)

Maternal (decidua basalis)

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2
Q

Decidua

A

Endometrial lining of the uterine cavity

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3
Q

decidua basalis

A

portion of the endometrium underlying the implantation site

Maternal component of the placenta

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4
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

Portion overlying the implanted embryo and separating it from the uterine cavity
is eventually lost as the amniotic cavity enlarges & occupies all the space in the uterine cavity

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5
Q

Decidua parietalis

A

Remainder of the endometrium that is not decidua basalis and decide capsularis

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6
Q

Chorion fondosum (chorionic plate)

A

Area where villi develop (villas chorion)

Region in contact with decidua basalis

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7
Q

What is the Villi in the horizon fondosum

A

villi are the agents of change between the maternal and fetal systems

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8
Q

primary chorionic villi

A

solid outgrowths of cytotrophoblast that protrude into the syncytiotrophoblast

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9
Q

Function of chorionic villi

A
  • oxygen and nutrients in the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces diffuse through the walls of the villi and enter the fetal capillaries
  • carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse from blood in the fetal capillaries through the walls of the villi to the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces
  • need lots of surface area but thin walls
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10
Q

what is the desired structure of a chorionic villi

A

lots of surface area but thinly walled (promotes gas and nutrient exchange)

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11
Q

Secondary chorionic villi

A

have a core of loos connective tissue, which grows into the primary villi about the third week of development

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12
Q

when is the fetal heart developed

A

about day 21

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13
Q

Tertiary chorionic villi

A

Contain embryonic blood vessels
- these blood vessels connect up with vessels that develop in the chorion and connecting stalk and begin to circulate embryonic blood about the third week of development

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14
Q

about what week of development do villi have blood vessels

A

the third week

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15
Q

what is the intervillous space

A

Space between maternal blood circulation and chorionic villi, this is the space the maternal blood and fetal blood mix

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16
Q

The placental barrier has what to allow things to cross

A

Fenestrations

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17
Q

Placental membrane characteristics

A
  • not a strict barrier
  • variety of substances cross freely
    - beneficial or harmful
    - some substances do not cross
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18
Q

Beneficial substances that cross the placenta

A

O2, CO2, glucose, free fatty acids, Vitamins

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19
Q

Harmful substances that cross the placenta

A

Rubella, measles, herpes, cytomegalovirus, varicella, poliomyelitis

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20
Q

Cat D drugs that cross the placenta

A

some antibiotics, valium, Librium, Xanax, Lithium

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21
Q

Cat X drugs that cross the placenta

A

Thalidomide, Warfarin, isotretinoin, nicotine, alcohol, phenytoin (dilantin)

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22
Q

what is isotretinoin

A

used to treat severe acne that is resistant to more conservative treatments, because of its serious side effects, isotretinoin should be used only for severe resistant acne
examples: Sotret, Claravis, Amnesteem (accutane is no longer available)
side note Rogan has Vitamin A derivative that has affects like accutane

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23
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

-Rh-negative mother with an Rh-postive fetus will produce Antibodies against it
- first pregnancy will be unaffected but during her next pregnancy her antibodies will attack the Rh-postive fetus
this lead to destruction of fetal RBCs
- which will lead to brain damage to fetus and severe edema (hydrous fetalis)
- new born my have Anemia, edema (swelling under the surface of the skin), enlargement of the liver or spleen, hydrous (fluid throughout the body’s tissues, including in the spaces containing the lungs, heart, and abdominal organs), newborn jaundice

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24
Q

What is RhoGAM

A

Human immunoglobin with antibodies against the Rh factor

- prevents maternal antibody response to Rh-positive cells for the fetus

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25
Q

what are cotyledons

A

clusters of villi about 25

this lets them know if they got all the placenta out after birth

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26
Q

how early can chorionic villus sampling be done

A

at 10-12 wks

27
Q

how early can amniocentesis be done

A

about 15-20 wks

28
Q

do you get your results faster with chorionic villus sampling or with amniocentesis

A

Chorionic villus sampling

29
Q

which part of the fetal circulation delivers nutrients and Oxygen

A

umbilical vein

30
Q

what delivers wastes and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the maternal circulation

A

umbilical arteries

31
Q

what is Wharton’s jelly and what is its purpose

A

placental cord (umbilical cord) gelatinous CT
it is seen at parturition when it increases in volume to assist closure of placental blood vessels thus allows for loss of blood
matrix of cells from jelly have recently been identified as a potential source of stem cells
named after Thomas Wharton, who identified it

32
Q

Why is there one umbilical vein

A

during development, there are two umbilical veins that drain blood from the placenta to the heart
the right umbilical vein regress and under normal circumstances is completely obliterated during the second month of development
the left umbilical vein persists and delivers blood from the placenta to the developing fetus

33
Q

Which umbilical vein regresses during the 4th week and completely disappears by the 7th wk of development

A

The right umbilical vein

34
Q

what is PRUV

A

Persistent right umbilical vein, present in 2/1000

35
Q

Velamentous cord

A

the fetal blood vessels travel abnormally through the amniochorionic membrane before reaching placenta
these vessels are more exposed to drama during the birth process

36
Q

Placenta previa

A

implantation of the placenta over the cervical os (opening)

37
Q

Placenta accreta

A

Abnormal trophoblastic invasion into the muscular layer of the uterus (placenta increta) or through the uterine wall and into the surrounding tissues (placenta percerta)

38
Q

placenta increta

A

abnormal trophoblastic invasion into the muscular layer of the uterus

39
Q

Placenta percerta

A

Abnormal trophoblastic invasion through the uterine wall and into the surrounding tissues (organs)

40
Q

Total placenta previa

A

placenta previa covers and blocks the cervical opening

41
Q

partial placenta previa

A

covers part of the cervical opening

42
Q

low-lying placenta

A

near the cervical opening but not covering it

43
Q

Cervical cerclage

A

place a stitch in the cervix to hold it closed

44
Q

Describe some of the endocrine functions of the placenta

A

Synthesizes glycogen, cholesterol, and fatty acids
synthesis and please of hormones
most synthesized in the syncytiotrophoblast (ex hCG- stimulates production of progesterone by the ovary)
nutrients, oxygen, and some immunoglobulins
removes waste products
Chorionic somatomammotropin - also know as human placental lactogen (hPL)
- progesterone- steroid hormone that maintains the endometrial lining during pregnancy, also suppresses contractility in the uterine smooth muscles
- Estrogens- steroid hormones stimulate mammary gland development

45
Q

what is the function of chorionic somatommotropin (human placental lactogen (hPL))

A

induces lipolysis, elevating free fatty acids in mother

- “growth hormone” of the fetus

46
Q

What is a sign of placental aging

A

Calcification

47
Q

Explain placental calcification

A

sign of placental aging
The pattern of calcification (precipitation of calcium hydroxyapatite) is similar to that seen in other aging tissues
probably a response to cell death and diminished blood circulation in localized regions of the placenta
one significant risk factor- smoking

48
Q

What is the significant factor linked to placental calcification

A

smoking

49
Q

what is lithopedion

A

after fetal death the fetus is too large to be reabsorbed by the body and calcifies
usually associated with ectopic pregnancy

50
Q

How large does the amniotic cavity become

A

1000cc

51
Q

functions of the amniotic fluid

A

Permits symmetrical external growth

  • Enables fetus to move freely
  • acts as a barrier to infection
  • permits normal fetal lung development
  • prevents adherence of amnion to embryo/fetus
  • helps maintain homeostasis (temp, fluids, electrolytes)
52
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

low volume of amniotic fluid
associated with renal agenesis and obstructive uropathy
complications- pulmonary hypoplasia & limb defects
example Potter’s syndrome

53
Q

Renal agenesis

A

one or both of the kidneys fail to develop

leads to oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid)

54
Q

Pulmonary hypoplasia

A

underdeveloped lungs
due to oligohydramnios
amniotic fluid must be brought into the lung by fetal breathing movements, leading to dissension of the developing lung

55
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

High volume of amniotic fluid
associated with CNS anomalies and esophageal atresia
(atresia is closing of a tube that should be open)

56
Q

amniotic band syndrome

A

tears in the amnion detach and surround fetus

  • or adhesions between the mansion and affected structures
  • may cause ring constrictions or amputations of sums or digits
57
Q

what are the two ways that the vascular system develops

A

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

58
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Blood vessels arise from blood islands.

way which major blood vessels arise

59
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Vessel formation via branches arising from existing vessels

60
Q

how doe major vessels form

A

Vasculogenesis

61
Q

definitive hematopoietic cells arise from

A

mesoderm around the aorta

62
Q

AGM (aorta-gonad mesonephros region)

A

definitive hematopoietic stem cells

these cells will colonize the liver

63
Q

Where dot he hematopoietic stem cells of a fetus colonize

A

The liver. from the liver later colonize the spleen, thymus and ultimately the bone marrow

64
Q

Who loves Halen

A

Tyler does !!!

anatomy I (7 decks)

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