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anatomy I > Autonomic Nervous system (exam 1) > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous system (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Which system, ANS or SNS, is voluntary or subonscious controlled

A

Somatic

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2
Q

Which system is involuntary or unconsciously controlled

A

ANS

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3
Q

Which system has a two neuron pathway

A

ANS

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4
Q

Which system has a single neuron pathway

A

SNS

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5
Q

Which system has a ganglia involved in the pathway

A

ANS

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6
Q

Which system does not have ganglia involved in the pathway

A

SNS

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7
Q

Sensory input from general and special senses, motor output to the skeletal muscle is what system

A

SNS

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8
Q

Sensory input from general and visceral senses motor output to cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

A

ANS

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9
Q

which system can excite or inhibit function using acetylcholine and norepinephrine

A

ANS

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10
Q

Which system only uses acetylcholine for excitation

A

SNS

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11
Q

Which system possess axons that are thin, some myelinated, other are not

A

ANS

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12
Q

Which system possesses axons that are thick and myelinated

A

SNS

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13
Q

What are autonomic plexuses

A

Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons

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14
Q

Where are sympathetic plexuses

A

from the spinal cord via the sympathetic trunk

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15
Q

Where are parsympathetic plexuses

A

From cranial and caudal repositories

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16
Q

Do sympathetic and parasympathetic plexuses interact

A

NO! they are close to one another, but do not interact or synapse with one another

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17
Q

What does the cardiac plexus do in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Increases heart rate and blood pressure

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18
Q

What does the Cardiac plexus do in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Decreases heart rate

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19
Q

What does the pulmonary plexus do in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Causes bronchoconstriction and increased secretion form mucous glands of the bronchial tree

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20
Q

What does the pulmonary plexus do in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Causes bronchodilation

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21
Q

What does the esophageal plexus do in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

controls the swallowing reflex

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22
Q

What three plexi make up the abdominal aortic plexus

A

Celiac plexus, superior plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus (they are named for the artery they are around)

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23
Q

What is the function of theceliac plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus

A

Autonomic control of digestion

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24
Q

What is the function of the hypogastric plexus

A

Innervates pelvic viscera

Autonomic control of the urinary and reporductive functions

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25
Q

What are the two neurotransmitters that are used in the ANS

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) and Norepinephrine (NE)

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26
Q

who/what releases neurotransmitters in the ANS

A

Presynaptic cells

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27
Q

binding of neurotransmitters in the ANS has what kind of effect

A

either inhibitory or excitatory, depending on the specific receptor

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28
Q

where do neurotransmitters bind in the ANS

A

To specific receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane

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29
Q

What does cholinergic mean

A

Uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

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30
Q

What does it mean to be adrenergic

A

Pertains to cells using norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter

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31
Q

both the preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the parsympathetic division release what as their neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine and are thus cholinergic

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32
Q

Acetylcholine is released by what axons in the parsympathetic division

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic axons

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33
Q

What axons are cholinergic in the parasympathetic division

A

the preganglionic and postganglionic axons

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34
Q

The preganglionic axons in the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine and are thus cholinergic

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35
Q

Most postganglionic axons of the sympathetic division release what neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine (are thus adrenergic)

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36
Q

What axons are adrenergic

A

most of the psotganglionic axons of the sympathetic division

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37
Q

long preganglionic fibers are a characteristic of what division

A

Parsympathetic

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38
Q

short postganglionic fibers are a characteristic of what division of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic

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39
Q

Single preganglionic fibers are a characteristic of what division of the ANS

A

Parsympathetic

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40
Q

branched preganglionic fibers are a characteristic of what division of the ANS

A

Sympathetic

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41
Q

Short preganglionic fibers are a characteristic of what divsion of the ANS

A

Sympathetic

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42
Q

Long postganglionic fibers are a characteristic of what division of the ANS

A

The sympathetic divsion

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43
Q

Which division of the ANS is more specific

A

The parasympathetic divsion

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44
Q

which division of the ANS has a faster response to the ganglia

A

Sympathetic

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45
Q

Are Many visceral effector (organs) are innervated by postganglionic axons from both ANS divsions?

A
46
Q

is it true that actions that act on organs from both divisions may oppose one another

A

YES

47
Q

what is a way that the divisions can achieve opposing effects

A

one division can up-regulate or down-regulate the other

48
Q

The ANS helps maintain homeostasis through what activity

A

Involuntary activity of autonomic reflexes or visceral reflexes

49
Q

What are some ways that visceral (autonomic) reflexes maintain homeostasis

A

Smooth muscle contractions, cardiac muscle contractions, or secreation by glands that are mediated by autonic reflex arc in response to a specific stimulus

other examples: alteration of HR, changes in respiratory rate and depth, regulation of digestion, and alteration of pupil diameter

ex. Micturition reflex, which partly controls the release of urine

50
Q

Micturition relfex is an example of what

A

autonomic or visceral relfex.

51
Q

The ANS has reflexs that are comparable to spinal reflexes. What are they called

A

The autonomic (visceral) reflexes

52
Q

Reduction of blood pressure is an example of what

A

an autonomic (visceral) reflex

53
Q

is the autonomic sytem influenced by the cerebrum, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord

A

Some

sensory processing in the thalamus and emotional states controlled in the limbic system directly affect the hypothalamus

54
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A
  • integration and command center for autonomic functions
  • contains nuclei that control visceral functions in both divisions of ANS
  • Communicates with other CNS regions, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
55
Q

how does the cerebrum affect the ANS

A

conscious activities in the cerebrum affect hypothalamus control of the ANS

56
Q

How does the brainstem affect the ANS

A

contains major ANS reflex centers

57
Q

What affect does the spinal cord have on the ANS

A

Contains ANS reflex centers for defecation and urination

58
Q

Which division of the ANS is more complex

A

The sympathetic division is more complex both anatomically and functionally

59
Q

Where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies of the sympathetic division housed

A

Lateral horns of T1-L2 regions

60
Q

what is the path of the preganglionic sympathetic axons as they travel to the sympathetic trunk

A

travel with somatic motor neuron and exit the spinal cord via the anterior roots into the spinal nerve and then into the anterior rami, immediately after being in the anterior rami they turn and go into the white rami (white rami communicantes) and then into the sympathetic trunk

61
Q

What are the sympathetic trunks

A

structures Bilateral the the medial column. house the paravertebral ganglia

62
Q

The cervical portion of each sympathetic trunk is partitioned into how many ganglia

A

3

superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, inferior cervical ganglion

63
Q

what connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk

A

Rami communicantes

64
Q

what are the white rami communicantes

A

They carry preganglionic sympathetic axons form the T1-L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk

65
Q

The white rami communicantes are only associated with what spinal nerves

A

T1-L2

66
Q

Preganglionic axons are myelinated or unmyelinated

A

Myelinated, gives white ramus the whitish appearance

67
Q

Signal to the sympathetic trunk must always travel through what

A

White rami communicantes

68
Q

What are gray rami communicantes

A

They carry the postganglionic sympathetic axons form the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve

69
Q

Are gray rami communicantes myelinated or unmyelinated

A

Unmyelinated

70
Q

Do the gray rami communicantes connect to all spinal nerves

A

Yes. including the cervical, sacral, and coccygeal

71
Q

which rami is more laterally located

A
72
Q

Splanchnic nerves are composed of what

A

Preganglionic sympathetic axons (thus myelinated)

73
Q

Where are splanchnic nerves located

A

Run anteriorly form the sympathetic trunk to most of the viscera

74
Q

Is the pelvic splachnic nerve part of the sympathetic nervous system

A

No! it is part of the parsympathetic nervous system

75
Q

Give some examples of large splanchnic nerves in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves

Less thoracic splanchnic nerves

least thoracic splanchnic nerves

Lumbar splanchnic nerves

sacral splanchnic nerves

76
Q

Where do splanchnic nerves in the sympathetic nervous system terminate

A

at the preverebral ganglia

77
Q

Where are the prevertebral ganglia located

A

immediately anterior to the vertebral column on the anterolateral wall of the abdominal aorta

78
Q

how are prevertebral ganglia named

A

For the arteries that they cluster around

examples: Celiac ganglia cluster around the celiac trunk

other examples superior mesentreric, and inferior mesenteric

79
Q

What is different about prevertebral ganglia verse the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral ganglia)

A

prevertebral are single structures, rather than paired

are anteriro to the vertebral column on the anterior surface of the aorta instead of laterally located

they are located in the abdominopelivic region

80
Q

What are the 3 prevertebral ganglia

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia

81
Q

What are the four types of pathways sympathetic pathways

A

Spinal nerve pathway, postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, The adrenal medulla pathway

82
Q

What is special about the adrenal medulla pathway

A
83
Q

What is unique about the spinal nerve proper

A

It is the only location where you have motor and sensory of the posterior and anterior in the same nerve

84
Q

Explain the spinal nerve pathway

A

Sympathetic signal travels form the presnaptic cell body in the lateral horn out the anterior root into the spinal nerve proper onto the anterior spinal nerve into the white rami, then into the sympathetic trunk where it synapses and is sent out the gray rami onto the nerve which is on the same level as its starting spot

85
Q

Explain the postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

A

Signal travels from the presynaptic cell body in the lateral horn through the anterior root through the spinal nerve proper, thought a white rami into a sympathetic trunk where it can now ascend or descend to another level then synapse onto a gray ramus and travel throught the spinal nerve

86
Q

Explain the splanchnic nerve pathway

A

Presynaptic neurons leave the spinal cord via the anterior root, they travel into the spinal nerve proper into the anterior ramus, into the white ramus to the synamptic trunk where they jump onto a myelinated splanchnic nerve without synapsings. These nerves travel to the Prevertebral ganglia where they now synapse

87
Q

What is another term for the parasympathetic division

A

Craniosacral division

88
Q

what is the main concern of the parasympathetic division

A

conserving engery and replenishing nutrient stores

89
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division

A

Oculomotor nerve (CNIII), facial nerve (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

and vagus nerve (CN X)

90
Q

which three cranial nerves convey parasympathetic innnervention in the head

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

91
Q

What nerve is the source of parsympathetic stimulation for the thoracic and most abdominal organs

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

92
Q

What is the oculomotor nerve (CN III) associated ganglion (a) and parasympathetic activity

A

Ciliary ganglion

pupil constriction

ciliary mucles of the lens for accommodation (near vision/ reading)

93
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII)

associated ganglion (a) and parasympathetic activity

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

  • lacrimal gland (tear production)
  • nasal cavity ( mucous production)
  • oral cavity ( saliva/mucous production)
  • Submandibular ganglion
  • Sumbmandibular and sublingual glands (saliva production)
94
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

Associated Ganglion (a) and parasympathetic activity

A
  • otic ganglion
  • parotid gland (saliva production)
95
Q

Vagus nerve (CN X)

Associated Ganglion and Parasympathetic Activity

A
96
Q

Postganlionic parasympathetics in the cranium always piggyback on what nerve

A

The trigeminal nerve

97
Q

does the trigeminal nerve (CN V) have parasympathetic activity

A

No but it piggybacks the oculomotor (CN III), facial (VII), and glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)

98
Q

The axons of the postsynaptic parasympathetic axons form the three cranial nerves Hitch-hike what nerve to get to their targets

A

The trigemial nerve (CN V)

99
Q

Where is the caudal contribution of the parasympathetics located

A

sacral region of the spianl cord (S2-S4)

100
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the neuron cell bodies in the lateral horn contribute ot the formation of what?

A

the superior and inferior hypogastric plexus

101
Q

Where do parasympathetic neurons from the superior and inferior hypogastric plexus synapse

A

close to or in the walls of the organs

102
Q

What gets innervation from the superior and inferior hypogastric parasympathetic plexi

A

Distal portion of the large intestine

Rectum

Most reproductive organs

urinary bladder (contracts)

Distal ureters

Erection

103
Q

When is the parasympathetic division most active

A

During times when the body must process nutrients and conserve energy

104
Q

lack of extensive divergence in preganglionic axons is seen in what division of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic

105
Q

Effects of which division of the ANS tend to be discrete and organized

A

Parasympathetics

106
Q

Cardiac Plexus

A
107
Q

Pulmonary Plexus

A
  • Sympathetic innervation causes bronchodilation
  • Parasympathetic pathway causes bronchoconstriction and increased secretion
108
Q

Esophageal Plexus

A

Parasympathetic axons control the swallowing reflex

109
Q

Abdominal aortic plexus

A

consists of celiac plexus, superior

110
Q

Hypogastric plexus

A
  • Innerates pelvic viscera=autonomic control of urinary and reproductive function
111
Q

The superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system sends sympathetic signals where

A

Eyes, blood vessels and sweat glands of head, and salivary glands, as well as to the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

112
Q

Larger splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic divison

A
  • greater thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • least thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • lumbar splanchnic nerves
  • sacral splanchnic nerves

anatomy I (7 decks)

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