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Alaska Pilots > The ECDIS Manual 2019 Edition > Flashcards

The ECDIS Manual 2019 Edition Flashcards

1
Q

Underscale means what?

A
  • zoomed out
  • a scale smaller than that used to create the ENC
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2
Q

Optimum scale means what?

A

the scale that matches the scale of chart used to create the ENC

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3
Q

Overscale means what?

A
  • zoomed in
    -a scale larger than that used to create the ENC
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4
Q

Scale minimum (SCAMIN) means what?

A

the attribute of an object to disappear at a specified scale when zooming out to smaller scales

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5
Q

The ECDIS display does not indicate ‘overscale’ or ‘underscale’ when what occurs?

A

the chart is at its optimum scale

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6
Q

What is an important consideration of ENC production?

A

that the source and reliability of the original chart data compilation is appreciated

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7
Q

CATZOC means what?

A
  • ‘category of zone of confidence of data’ (also labelled ZOC or M-Qual objects in documents and by some manufacturers)
  • it provides the user with a quick indication of data accuracy.
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8
Q

ZOC A1 accuracy is what?

A
  • position accuracy ± 5m
  • depth accuracy = 0.50 + 1%d
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9
Q

ZOC A2 accuracy is what?

A
  • position accuracy ± 20m
  • depth accuracy = 1.00 + 2%d
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10
Q

ZOC B accuracy is what?

A
  • position accuracy ± 50m
  • depth accuracy = 1.00 + 2%d
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11
Q

ZOC C accuracy is what?

A
  • position accuracy ± 500m
  • depth accuracy = 2.00 + 5%d
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12
Q

ZOC D accuracy is what?

A

position accuracy and depth accuracy worse than ZOC C

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13
Q

ZOC U accuracy is what?

A
  • unassessed
  • the quality of the bathymetric data has yet to be assessed
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14
Q

The CATZOC table is recommended to be posted where?

A

near the ECDIS for easy reference

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15
Q

IMO definition of ECDIS

A

“Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) means a navigation information system which with adequate back-up arrangements can be accepted as complying with the up-to-date chart required by regulations V/19 and V/27 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, as amended, by displaying selected information from a system electronic navigational chart (SENC) with positional informations and from navigation sensors to assist the mariner in route planning and route monitoring, and if required display additional navigation-related information.” - IMO Resolution MSC.232(82)

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16
Q

What are examples of Electronic Chart Systems (ECS) capable of showing position as accurately as afforded by the receiver but are NOT ECDIS as defined by the IMO?

A
  • chart plotter
  • handheld GNSS
  • in-car sat nav
  • mobile phone
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17
Q

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) definition of ECS

A

“ECS is a navigation information system that electronically displays a vessel’s position and relevant nautical chart data and information from an ECS Database on a display screen, but does not meet all the IMO requirements for ECDIS and is not intended to satisfy the SOLAS Chapter V requirements to carry a navigational chart.” - ISO 19379

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18
Q

Why should ENCs not be used as full navigation systems?

A
  • they have no performance standards as of yet
  • they should only be considered as situational awareness systems
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19
Q

What is the only paperless chart option for ship navigation?

A

The use of ENCs in a tested, approved and certified ECDIS, with appropriate back-up arrangements

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20
Q

RCDS (raster chart display system) mode is being used when?

A

if there is no adequate coverage of ENC and your digital system is backed up with appropriate and up to date paper charts

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21
Q

ECDIS Software should be kept up to date with what standards?

A

the latest IHO (International Hydrographic Organization) standards to maintain type approval and chart carriage requirements

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22
Q

When is ECDIS vulnerable to ship’s security policy breaches?

A
  • while updating the ECDIS
  • failing to update also potentially exposes the ECDIS to cyber security vulnerabilities
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23
Q

Why should the ECDIS case be locked up even restricting access to the USB ports?

A

Many security incidents have occurred with crew charging their phones on the ECDIS USB port located on the keyboard

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24
Q

What is the concept of ‘independence of data’ in regards to ECDIS?

A

when an object is not displayed on the screen, it is still there and is able to trigger alarms

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25
Q

What is an example of a spurious alarm?

A
  • There is no such thing as a spurious alarm
  • Even if the alarm is not visible on the display, it needs to be investigated
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26
Q

IMO ECDIS performance standards define an SENC as what?

A

“A database resulting from the transformation of the ENC by ECDIS for the appropriate use, updates to the ENC by appropriate means and other data added by the mariner.”

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27
Q

Is an ENC accessible in its raw form?

A

No, it first must be converted by the ECDIS from S-57 ENC format to an internal format called SENC or System ENC

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28
Q

Why do different formats between ECDIS manufacturers exist?

A
  • the format is optimized for the chart image, but the process is not formalized
  • manufacturers are bound by IHO regulations for a standard appearance though
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29
Q

Can chart displays be configured on ECDIS?

A
  • yes, but only vector charts can
  • in accordance with your preference and the environment that the ship will be operating in
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30
Q

The three ECDIS display categories are?

A
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31
Q

What two types of symbols can be selected for an ECDIS display?

A
  • ‘traditional’ or ‘simplified’ symbols
  • Operators have commented that traditional symbology is familiar, but simplified is much clearer at night
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32
Q

Can velocity vectors be configured in ECDIS?

A

yes, the length of vectors can be configured as well as the vector displays for own ship, ARPA, and AIS contacts.

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33
Q

What are the vector display options often available for ECDIS?

A
  • Display Ground referenced Velocity - display COG vectors
  • Display Water referenced Velocity - display HDG vectors
  • Vector Time - set for COG and HDG (min 1min, max 60min)
  • Display Vector Time Mark - turns ON or OFF the Vector Time Mark display (min 1min, max 60min)
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34
Q

What is the first priority when setting up ECDIS?

A

to identify safe water, by safety contour or the use of manually constructed ‘no-go’ areas

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35
Q

The formula for calculating safety depth is?

A

Safety Depth = Draught + Squat + Required UKC - Height of Tide (HoT)

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36
Q

Chart objects are identified by ECDIS as dangers to navigation based on what?

A

certain parameters set by the operator on vector charts only

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37
Q

What is the default safety contour and safety depth setting?

A

30m

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38
Q

What will the ECDIS do with a safety contour value between the chart display contour values?

A

It will round up to the next available value

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39
Q

What does the safety contour value distinguish between?

A

safe and unsafe water

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40
Q

What does the safety contour generate?

A

alarms/warnings against your planned/monitored route

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41
Q

What does the safety depth value serve to detect?

A

depths that are a danger to navigation

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42
Q

What is displayed on the ECDIS when the display of spot soundings is turned ON?

A

depth ≤ safety depth is highlighted on ECDIS task screen in bold

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43
Q

What does the safety depth trigger?

A

If detected, the Nav Danger alarm is triggered

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44
Q

Which other contours can usually be set other than main and safety?

A
  • shallow and deep
  • are only indicators and not alarmed
  • only visible when the ‘four shades’ option is selected
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45
Q

Two shades displays what?

A
  • Zero to safety contour (blue)
  • ＞ safety contour (white)
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46
Q

Four shades displays what?

A
  • Zero to shallow (dark blue)
  • Shallow to safety (blue)
  • Safety to deep (grey)
  • ＞ deep (white)
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47
Q

What are the benefits of operating with ‘two shades’ selected?

A
  • It is often simpler and clearer to operate with two depth contours: safe and unsafe.
  • improves contrast for viewing ARPA and AIS targets
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48
Q

What shading setting should be used in pilotage waters?

A

Setting two shades is beneficial when conducting pilotage or operating in confined waters as it gives an instant appreciation of ‘can-go’(safe) and ‘no-go’(unsafe) areas

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49
Q

Parallel Index Lines (PI) are what?

A

Lines drawn parallel to the track on either side at the distance the ship should pass off a selected target

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50
Q

Can PIs be produced on all ECDIS systems?

A

no

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51
Q

Limiting Danger Lines (LDL) are what?

A
  • works for both RNCs and ENCs
  • manually inserted danger line that will alarm when the Danger Detection Area touches it, replacing the safety contour
  • utilized when ship must proceed over soundings lees than the safety contour but greater than the safety depth
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52
Q

Danger Detection Area is what?

A

When activated, the system will alarm when in contact with the safety contour

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53
Q

Limiting Danger Line formula

A

LDL = Draught + Safety + Squat - HoT (time dependent)

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54
Q

Can LDLs be drawn automatically?

A

Some systems can

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55
Q

Why are LDLs time dependent?

A

because they are based on the height of tide

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56
Q

Why are clearing bearings or bearing lines created?

A
  • to indicate how close the bridge can get to the danger (LDL)
  • to indicate, with simple and manageable visual references, the available safe water
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57
Q

What is the only way to be alerted when entering unsafe water in RCDS (raster chart display system) mode?

A
  • LDL and clearing bearing alarms are the only way
  • no automatic alarms on RNCs
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58
Q

User Maps are used to?

A
  • draw lines, symbols, text and areas to define points of interest significant for passage planning and route monitoring on both RNC and ENC charts
  • Alarms can be added to activate based on preset time to an area or object as well as if an area is entered or exited
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59
Q

How are User Maps created and saved?

A
  • in files so different maps can be defined and turned ON/OFF
  • Saved maps can be exported to other systems
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60
Q

What is an alternative to User Maps that are available to operators?

A
  • can plot a more formal manual chart correction, rather than user maps
  • Can use S-52 PL chart symbols
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61
Q

Why should official chart updates should be conducted?

A

admiralty charts and publications should be maintained so that they are fully up to date for the latest safety critical navigation information

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62
Q

IMO specifies that the ECDIS should be connected to the ship’s what?

A
  • position fixing system
  • the gyro compass
  • the speed and distance measuring device
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63
Q

Safe navigation is only possible if the navigator is always conscious of what in regards to sensors?

A
  • the quality of sensor input and therefore the accuracy and reliability of the display
  • ECDIS is only an aid to navigation and it must be periodically verified as correct
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64
Q

What positioning source recommendations are there for ECDIS?

A
  • a second independent positioning source, preferably of a different type, should be provided and used for position monitoring
  • ECDIS should be capable of identifying discrepancies between the two sources
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65
Q

What is important to set up sensors with?

A
  • to notify the operator by audible alarm should a snsor fail
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66
Q

Is DR mode boldly displayed on ECDIS?

A

no

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67
Q

What are the options for continual fixing sensors that fulfill the IMO requirement?

A
  • Loran-C
  • eLoran
  • GNSS
  • Differential GNSS
  • GLONASS
  • GALILEO
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68
Q

Loran-C -
- Based on _________ __ _____ between the reception of transmitted pulses.
- Ground wave coverage _________ miles
- Accuracy depends on _____ _______ of transmitters

A

Loran-C -
- Based on MEASUREMENT OF TIME between the reception of transmitted pulses.
- Ground wave coverage 800-1200 miles
- Accuracy depends on RELATIVE POSITION of transmitters

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69
Q

eLoran -
- Provides an accurate ______ _______ to satellite systems such as GNSS
- More accurate enhanced Loran will provide accuracy within coverage area to _____ _____ as GNSS
- Internationally ________ positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) service
- Uses high powered _______ and LOW FREQUENCY signals
- Very unlikely to be _______ __ _______ in same way as GNSS

A

eLoran -
- Provides an accurate TERRESTRIAL BACK-UP to satellite systems such as GNSS
- More accurate enhanced Loran will provide accuracy within coverage area to SAME LEVEL as GNSS
- Internationally STANDARDIZED positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) service
- Uses high powered TRANSMITTERS and LOW FREQUENCY signals
- Very unlikely to be DISRUPTED OR JAMMED in same way as GNSS

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70
Q

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
- Differential GNSS (DGPS) is available in many areas of the world
- DGPS receivers apply _______ corrections (determined and transmitted by________ monitoring stations) to raw GNSS signals
- Positional accuracy of better than ____ may be possible
- DGPS was developed when GNSS accuracy was deliberately degraded by a random error input called “_________ _________”
- DPGS function provides independent _________ of GNSS position integrity

A

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
- Differential GNSS (DGPS) is available in many areas of the world
- DGPS receivers apply INSTANTANEOUS corrections (determined and transmitted by TERRESTRIAL monitoring stations) to raw GNSS signals
- Positional accuracy of better than 5m may be possible
- DGPS was developed when GNSS accuracy was deliberately degraded by a random error input called “SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY”
- DPGS function provides independent MONITORING of GNSS position integrity

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71
Q

Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
- Operated by ______ and available to commercial users
- Similar to GNSS in operation and ________
- Some receivers use both _____ and GLONASS to compute more precise position

A

Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)
- Operated by RUSSIA and available to commercial users
- Similar to GNSS in operation and ACCURACY
- Some receivers use both GNSS and GLONASS to compute more precise position

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72
Q

GALILEO
- _________ system still under development
- Expected to provide _________ accuracy similar to GNSS and GLONASS

A

GALILEO
- EUROPEAN system still under development
- Expected to provide WORLDWIDE accuracy similar to GNSS and GLONASS

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73
Q

NAVTEX is an international service that broadcasts local maritime safety information from shore stations to ships within ____ nautical miles through radio telex using _______ frequency radio band.

A

NAVTEX is an international service that broadcasts local maritime safety information from shore stations to ships within 300 nautical miles through radio telex using MEDIUM frequency radio band.

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74
Q

Ship’s with the NAVTEX receiver connected to ECDIS can ______ and _______ text messages from NAVTEX stations.
- Automatic processing allows __________ to be displayed on the screen automatically.

A

Ship’s with the NAVTEX receiver connected to ECDIS can RECEIVE and DISPLAY text messages from NAVTEX stations.
- Automatic processing allows COORDINATES to be displayed on the screen automatically

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75
Q

If the GNSS position is ________, then the track control system (TCS) will control the ship based on that position and not where the ship actually is.

A

If the GNSS position is INACCURATE, then the track control system (TCS) will control the ship based on that position and not where the ship actually is.

76
Q

Regular calibration of ________ is essential for accurate data to be fed into ECDIS.

A

Regular calibration of SENSORS is essential for accurate data to be fed into ECDIS.

77
Q

CCRP (_________ _________ ________ ________) should be configured correctly.

A

CCRP (CONSISTENT COMMON REFERENCE POINT) should be configured correctly.

78
Q

If the sensors are not configured correctly, or the locations of the sensors are not updated after they have changed location, _______ of ___________ occur and the sensors are of little use.

Example - is the digital integrated echo sounder from the waterline or keel according to the ECDIS setup?

A

If the sensors are not configured correctly, or the locations of the sensors are not updated after they have changed location, ERRORS of INFORMATION occur and the sensors are of little use.

Example - is the digital integrated echo sounder from the waterline or keel according to the ECDIS setup?

79
Q

A checklist for procedures should be followed in the event of a sensory ______ failure. The ECDIS operator should be trained in how to verify that what is shown is correct, and have complete understanding of the _________ and _______ of all sensors involved.

A

A checklist for procedures should be followed in the event of a sensory INPUT failure. The ECDIS operator should be trained in how to verify that what is shown is correct, and have complete understanding of the PERFORMANCE and LIMITS of all sensors involved.

80
Q

GNSS will provide at worst case accuracy of _____ at ____ confidence, which means that 5% of the time the accuracy may be worse than accepted and should never be ________ correct.

A

GNSS will provide at worst case accuracy of 7.8m at 95% confidence, which means that 5% of the time the accuracy may be worse than accepted and should never be ASSUMED correct.

81
Q

If GNSS sensors fail, officers must be ready to plot position on ECDIS traditionally using visual bearings, radar ranges, radar ________ and ________. Good practice to ______ ECDIS is _______ frequently by using these methods.

A

If GNSS sensors fail, officers must be ready to plot position on ECDIS traditionally using visual bearings, radar ranges, radar BEARINGS and TRANSITS. Good practice to PROVE ECDIS is CORRECT frequently by using these methods.

82
Q

If the ECDIS has ______ ______ ________, this is the quickest and most real-time method of gaining confidence in the GNSS.

A

If the ECDIS has RADAR IMAGE OVERLAY, this is the quickest and most real-time method of gaining confidence in the GNSS.

83
Q

________ and ________ fixing techniques are within performance standards for ECDIS.

A

VISUAL (VIS) and RADAR (RAD) fixing techniques are within performance standards for ECDIS.

84
Q

An RIO can be overlaid on the ECDIS screen and is great for proving ECDIS correct and gaining _______ _______. It should not slow the system since it uses a ________ processor.

A

An RIO can be overlaid on the ECDIS screen and is great for proving ECDIS correct and gaining SPACIAL AWARENESS. It should not slow the system since it uses a SEPARATE processor.

85
Q

If the radar image is added to the ECDIS display, the chart and radar image should be at the same _____, projection and __________

A

If the radar image is added to the ECDIS display, the chart and radar image should be at the same SCALE, projection and ORIENTATION

86
Q

RIO is recommended on second ECDIS as to not _______ the primary.

You may not be able to see radar contacts unless they are selected on the ______.

A

RIO is recommended on second ECDIS as to not CLUTTER the primary.

You may not be able to see radar contacts unless they are selected on the RADAR.

87
Q

It is said that RIO is the most rapid way of proving ‘ECDIS correct,’ as it takes a _________ point fix with every sweep rather than a _________ point fix every 10 minutes.

A

It is said that RIO is the most rapid way of proving ‘ECDIS correct,’ as it takes a THOUSAND point fix with every sweep rather than a THREE point fix every 10 minutes.

88
Q

Targets not _________ on ARPA will not be _________ on ECDIS, some systems it is possible to acquire contacts on ECDIS with ‘guard’ facilities.

A

Targets not ACQUIRED on ARPA will not be DISPLAYED on ECDIS, some systems it is possible to acquire contacts on ECDIS with ‘guard’ facilities.

89
Q
  • ARPA is fed directly into ECDIS if __________ with radar.
  • The display of AIS/TT _______ information can be turned ON/OFF on the chart.
  • ARPA information must be removable in ____ _______ to not hide safety critical information.
A
  • ARPA is fed directly into ECDIS if INTERFACED with radar.
  • The display of AIS/TT TARGET information can be turned ON/OFF on the chart.
  • ARPA information must be removable in ONE ACTION to not hide safety critical information.
90
Q

AIS Information can only be displayed when ________ from the AIS receiver.
- It is independent of radar with a typical range of ______, but it is not uncommon to pick up AIS contacts _______ away and around corners.

A

AIS Information can only be displayed when RECEIVED from the AIS receiver.
- It is independent of radar with a typical range of 30nm, but it is not uncommon to pick up AIS contacts 100nm away and around corners.

91
Q

ECDIS operator generally has access to:
- ______ data fields - name, MMSI, Call Sign, Dimensions
- _______ Data - Posn, Co, Sp, Hdg, RoT
- ________ Specific - Draught, Destination, Cargo, Condition

A

ECDIS operator generally has access to:
- STATIC data fields - name, MMSI, Call Sign, Dimensions
- DYNAMIC Data - Posn, Co, Sp, Hdg, RoT
- VOYAGE Specific - Draught, Destination, Cargo, Condition

92
Q
  • Age of the echo sounder will determine if it can be ___________.
  • Very important that the sensor is correctly set up to indicate depth from the ____ or from the __________ and that the operator is aware of the setting
A
  • Age of the echo sounder will determine if it can be INTERFACED.
  • Very important that the sensor is correctly set up to indicate depth from the KEEL or from the WATERLINE and that the operator is aware of the setting
93
Q

Next generation of ECDIS is in production to work with S-100 charts and will auto-fix through depths of water and update _______ and ____ automatically.

A

Next generation of ECDIS is in production to work with S-100 charts and will auto-fix through depths of water and update SOUNDINGS and UKC automatically.

94
Q

With GNSS and RIO available, traditional fixing routines will be _______, unless the system enters DP or EP navigation.

A

With GNSS and RIO available, traditional fixing routines will be REDUCED, unless the system enters DP or EP navigation.

95
Q

If the ship’s position is derived from manual LOPs, then it will only be applied on the ECDIS when operating in ____ mode

A

If the ship’s position is derived from manual LOPs, then it will only be applied on the ECDIS when operating in DR (DEAD RECKONING) mode

96
Q

The system does not process manual fixes unless the _______ ________ is set to DR, or DR is chosen at the end of the fix.
- The Master and all ECDIS operators must regularly discuss what makes a good fix and ‘ECDIS correct.’

A

The system does not process manual fixes unless the PRIMARY SENSOR is set to DR, or DR is chosen at the end of the fix.
- The Master and all ECDIS operators must regularly discuss what makes a good fix and ‘ECDIS correct.’

97
Q

In the event of a catastrophic failure of all _____ sensors, all ECDIS systems have the ability to plot a position and then DR or EP on from that position.

A

In the event of a catastrophic failure of all GNSS sensors, all ECDIS systems have the ability to plot a position and then DR or EP on from that position.

98
Q

GNSS failures can result from:
- loss/damage of antennae
- __________
- Loss of view of view of individual satellites (superstructure)
- Poor satellite construction
- Loss of __________ broadcast (weather, lightning)
- Poor __________

A

GNSS failures can result from:
- loss/damage of antennae
- JAMMING
- Loss of view of view of individual satellites (superstructure)
- Poor satellite construction
- Loss of DIFFERENTIAL broadcast (weather, lightning)
- Poor ENVIRONMENT

99
Q

Loss of GNSS does not mean _______ of ECDIS. It requires a new feed of __________ information.

A

Loss of GNSS does not mean FAILURE of ECDIS. It requires a new feed of POSITIONAL information.

100
Q

All ECDIS systems can navigate in DR mode with gyro and log.
- Should gyro or log fail, DR will also fail, and then all ECDIS systems should have the same facility for insertion of manual speed and course.

A

All ECDIS systems can navigate in DR mode with gyro and log.
- Should gyro or log fail, DR will also fail, and then all ECDIS systems should have the same facility for insertion of manual SPEED and COURSE.

101
Q

When GNSS is working, the system calculates ‘____’ set and drift based on gyro and log. Whether wind or drift is causing this is only determined by more advanced systems that have ____ ‘feeding’ into the ECDIS.

A

When GNSS is working, the system calculates ‘LIVE’ set and drift based on gyro and log. Whether wind or drift is causing this is only determined by more advanced systems that have WIND ‘feeding’ into the ECDIS.

102
Q

The system calculation of ___ and _____ will be compromised with the loss of gyro and/or log.

A

The system calculation of SET and DRIFT will be compromised with the loss of gyro and/or log.

103
Q

During a GNSS loss, some systems use EP mode with _______ entered ____ and ______ (or automatically on some systems) as a component of predicted position.

A

During a GNSS loss, some systems use EP mode with MANUALLY entered SET and DRIFT (or automatically on some systems) as a component of predicted position.

104
Q

Most advanced ECDIS systems give operator a choice with a GNSS loss:
- Use last known __________ of set and drift prior to GNSS failure
- Manually enter prediction from external software or ___________
- ____________ look for nearest tidal diamond if interphase) and apply to EP

A

Most advanced ECDIS systems give operator a choice with a GNSS loss:
- Use last known CALCULATION of set and drift prior to GNSS failure
- Manually enter prediction from external software or PUBLICATIONS
- AUTOMATICALLY look for nearest tidal diamond if interphase) and apply to EP

105
Q

Alarm - audible, or audible and visual alarm signaling a condition that requires attention (generally a ______).
- On ECDIS this is currently at ___ decibels.

A

Alarm - audible, or audible and visual alarm signaling a condition that requires attention (generally a DANGER).
- On ECDIS this is currently at 75 decibels.

106
Q

Warnings - a visual indication giving information of the condition of a system or equipment (generally a ______).
- On ECDIS, this is usually flashing _______ texts or boxes.

A

Warnings - a visual indication giving information of the condition of a system or equipment (generally a STATUS).
- On ECDIS, this is usually flashing YELLOW texts or boxes.

107
Q

Errors that result from misunderstanding, ____________, or _________ observation by the operator (human error)

A

Errors that result from misunderstanding, INEXPERIENCE, or CARELESS observation by the operator (human error)

108
Q

Most typical errors of ECDIS interpretation result from:
- Neglecting the 95% probability of GNSS accuracy and ____ ________ ECDIS correct
- Ignoring the fact that, in automatic track control, the observed position is _________, not the actual position
- Confusion of different types of ______ stabilization
- A difference between ____ _____ and gyro north (radar)
- Confusion of display mode, scale, reference systems, etc.

A

Most typical errors of ECDIS interpretation result from:
- Neglecting the 95% probability of GNSS accuracy and NOT PROVING ECDIS correct
- Ignoring the fact that, in automatic track control, the observed position is CONTROLLED, not the actual position
- Confusion of different types of VECTOR stabilization
- A difference between TRUE NORTH and gyro north (radar)
- Confusion of display mode, scale, reference systems, etc.

109
Q

It is not inconceivable that the ____ position in use is more accurate than the equipment used to produce the survey.

A

It is not inconceivable that the GNSS position in use is more accurate than the equipment used to produce the survey.

110
Q

Always prove ECDIS correct and ________ the data from sensors

A

Always prove ECDIS correct and QUESTION the data from sensors

110
Q

Errors of interpretation can be avoided by ________ the selection of a common reference system, the appropriate scale, the sensors best suited for the given situation, the safety values, display categories, etc.

A

Errors of interpretation can be avoided by VERIFYING the selection of a common reference system, the appropriate scale, the sensors best suited for the given situation, the safety values, display categories, etc.

111
Q

Chart inaccuracies occur for different reasons:
- Scale. Screen messages indicate __________, __________ or SCAMIN. Resolve using 1:1 scale setting (planned scale for ENC)
- Course of the ENC. Use the most recent edition of the chart
- _______________ changes, e.g. buoys not in charted position, shifting seabed. The chart cannot display what is actually happening in terms of HoT, etc.
- Datums. ENC horizontal datum is ____ ___, although some areas are unknown datum and vertical datums differ.

A

Chart inaccuracies occur for different reasons:
- Scale. Screen messages indicate UNDERSCALE, OVERSCALE or SCAMIN. Resolve using 1:1 scale setting (planned scale for ENC)
- Course of the ENC. Use the most recent edition of the chart
- ENVIRONMENTAL changes, e.g. buoys not in charted position, shifting seabed. The chart cannot display what is actually happening in terms of HoT, etc.
- Datums. ENC horizontal datum is WGS 84, although some areas are unknown datum and vertical datums differ.

112
Q

CATZOCs provide an _______ indication of the chart’s reliability.

A

CATZOCs provide an INSTANT indication of the chart’s reliability.

113
Q

Zones of Confidence are as follows:
- A1 - pattern of symbols for a chart of ___ accuracy with full sea floor coverage
- A2 - pattern of symbols for a chart of ____ accuracy with full sea floor coverage
- B - pattern of symbols for a chart of ____ accuracy from standard survey based on lines of continuous coverage
- C - pattern of symbols for a low accuracy or _________ chart
- D - pattern of symbols for an unreliable chart
- U - pattern of symbols for a chart with quality not ________

A

Zones of Confidence are as follows:
- A1 - pattern of symbols for a chart of 5m accuracy with full sea floor coverage
- A2 - pattern of symbols for a chart of 20m accuracy with full sea floor coverage
- B - pattern of symbols for a chart of 50m accuracy from standard survey based on lines of continuous coverage
- C - pattern of symbols for a low accuracy or INCOMPLETE chart
- D - pattern of symbols for an unreliable chart
- U - pattern of symbols for a chart with quality not ASSESSED

114
Q

It is not advised to insert a ________ datum shift into ECDIS as the system converts known datum into WGS 84 ____________, and that would shift the world folio of ENC charts from WGS 84.

A

It is not advised to insert a MANUAL datum shift into ECDIS as the system converts known datum into WGS 84 AUTOMATICALLY, and that would shift the world folio of ENC charts from WGS 84.

115
Q

If it is necessary to shift the datum, do so on the GNSS ________ and not the ECDIS.

A

If it is necessary to shift the datum, do so on the GNSS RECEIVER and not the ECDIS.

116
Q

Where a manual datum shift is applied, the POSN 1 panel may be displayed in a different ______ and have a _________.

A

Where a manual datum shift is applied, the POSN 1 panel may be displayed in a different COLOR and have a WARNING.

117
Q

An indication should be given if the mariner plans a route:
- Across own ship’s ______ contour
- Closer than a _____-________ distance from the boundary of a prohibited area or a geographic area which special conditions exist
- Closer than a _____-________ distance from a point object, such as a fixed or floating aid to navigation or isolated danger

A

An indication should be given if the mariner plans a route:
- Across own ship’s SAFETY contour
- Closer than a USER-SPECIFIED distance from the boundary of a prohibited area or a geographic area which special conditions exist
- Closer than a USER-SPECIFIED distance from a point object, such as a fixed or floating aid to navigation or isolated danger

118
Q

Mariner should be able to specify a cross track limit of ________ from the planned route at which an automatic off-track alarm should activate.

A

Mariner should be able to specify a cross track limit of DEVIATION from the planned route at which an automatic off-track alarm should activate.

119
Q

_________ single operator action should be possible to return from a display of sea area that does not cover own ship’s position to one that does.
- During that look ahead/route planning action the automatic functions (eg updating ship’s position, alarms, indications) should be __________.

A

IMMEDIATE single operator action should be possible to return from a display of sea area that does not cover own ship’s position to one that does.
- During that look ahead/route planning action the automatic functions (eg updating ship’s position, alarms, indications) should be CONTINUOUS.

120
Q

During Route monitoring the ECDIS should give an alarm if, within a specified time set by the mariner, own ship will cross the _____ _______

A

During Route monitoring the ECDIS should give an alarm if, within a specified time set by the mariner, own ship will cross the SAFETY CONTOUR

120
Q

During route monitoring an alarm should be given when the specified cross track limit for deviation from the planned route is _________

A

During route monitoring an alarm should be given when the specified cross track limit for deviation from the planned route is EXCEEDED

120
Q

During route monitoring the ECDIS should give an alarm or indication, as selected by the mariner, if, within a specified time set by the mariner, own ship will cross the boundary of a __________ _____ or of a geographical area for which special conditions exist

A

During route monitoring the ECDIS should give an alarm or indication, as selected by the mariner, if, within a specified time set by the mariner, own ship will cross the boundary of a PROHIBITED AREA or of a geographical area for which special conditions exist

121
Q

An indication should be given to the mariner if, continuing on its present course and speed, over a specified time or distance set by the mariner, own ship will pass closer than a user-specified distance from a ______ (eg obstruction, wreck, rock) that is __________ than the mariner’s safety contour or an aid to navigation

A

An indication should be given to the mariner if, continuing on its present course and speed, over a specified time or distance set by the mariner, own ship will pass closer than a user-specified distance from a DANGER (eg obstruction, wreck, rock) that is SHALLOWER than the mariner’s safety contour or an aid to navigation

122
Q

An alarm should be given by ECDIS when the ship reaches a specified time or distance, set by the mariner, in advance of a ______ ______ on the planned route

A

An alarm should be given by ECDIS when the ship reaches a specified time or distance, set by the mariner, in advance of a CRITICAL POINT on the planned route

123
Q

The positioning system and the SENC should be on the same ________ datum.
- ECDIS should give an alarm if this is not the case.

A

The positioning system and the SENC should be on the same GEODETIC datum.
- ECDIS should give an alarm if this is not the case.

124
Q
  • ECDIS should provide an alarm when input from position, heading or speed sources is _____.
  • ECDIS should also repeat only as an indication, any _____ or indication passed to it from position, heading or speed sources.
A
  • ECDIS should provide an alarm when input from position, heading or speed sources is LOST.
  • ECDIS should also repeat only as an indication, any ALARM or indication passed to it from position, heading or speed sources.
125
Q

ECDIS should be capable of identifying ____________ between two sources of positioning.
- Ship’s position should be derived from a ______________ system and whenever possible, a second independent source of a different type should also be provided.

A

ECDIS should be capable of identifying DISCREPANCIES between two sources of positioning.
- Ship’s position should be derived from a CONTINUOUS system and whenever possible, a second independent source of a different type should also be provided.

126
Q

An indication should be provided if ECDIS and additional navigation information are not using a _________ reference system.

A

An indication should be provided if ECDIS and additional navigation information are not using a COMMON reference system.

127
Q

It is recommended that _________ USBs and disks are only used for use between the ECDIS systems to _________ risk of computer viruses.

A

It is recommended that DEDICATED USBs and disks are only used for use between the ECDIS systems to MINIMIZE risk of computer viruses.

128
Q

The principles of navigation planning have remained __________ with ECDIS.
Stages of passage planning:
- __________
- Planning
- __________
- Monitoring

A

The principles of navigation planning have remained UNCHANGED with ECDIS.
Stages of passage planning:
- APPRAISAL
- Planning
- EXECUTION
- Monitoring

129
Q

ECDIS Appraisal - Consult all _________ charts and publications to ________ potential dangers and annotate these on the ECDIS.

A

ECDIS Appraisal - Consult all RELEVANT charts and publications to IDENTIFY potential dangers and annotate these on the ECDIS.

130
Q

ECDIS Planning -
- Use all information from appraisal to create the safest and appropriate route and navigation from berth to berth __________ the predetermined margins of error.
- _____ danger areas, useful points for navigation, contingency plans for emergencies.
- Plan approved by _______ and kept aboard for 12 months.

A

ECDIS Planning -
- Use all information from appraisal to create the safest and appropriate route and navigation from berth to berth INDICATING the predetermined margins of error.
- MARK danger areas, useful points for navigation, contingency plans for emergencies.
- Plan approved by MASTER and kept aboard for 12 months.

131
Q

During route planning, consideration of intended method of execution and monitoring:
- _______ availability/ENCs at appropriate scales/RNCs and paper charts for RCDS - licensing and risk assessment
- WGS 84 datum coverage/GNSS denial or inaccuracy
- Relative navigation techniques to ______ ______ accuracy of GNSS - RIO/PIs/visual references (ALL)/visual or radar fixing/Loran-C/celestial

A

During route planning, consideration of intended method of execution and monitoring:
- CHART availability/ENCs at appropriate scales/RNCs and paper charts for RCDS - licensing and risk assessment
- WGS 84 datum coverage/GNSS denial or inaccuracy
- Relative navigation techniques to CROSS CHECK accuracy of GNSS - RIO/PIs/visual references (ALL)/visual or radar fixing/Loran-C/celestial

132
Q

Very important to configure ECDIS correctly ________ route creation.

A

Very important to configure ECDIS correctly BEFORE route creation.

133
Q

Basic ECDIS route creation recommendations:
- Screen into ‘large’ or ‘planning’ screen format
- Orientate to show the beginning and end of the route to get an _______ feel for the route
- _____ all old routes, constructs, etc.
- Begin waypoint plotting
- Zoom in to a more appropriate scale to adjust waypoints for TSS etc.
- Zoom in to 1:1 for _____ checking and moving of waypoints, alternating between chart formats as required for QC
- Check ZOCs/source data diagram and _______ route, highlight as necessary
- Scan route at an appropriate XTC (parameters for appropriate width and depth) to allow for deviations/collision avoidance
- Check again on 1:1 for hazards. Print or export route, as appropriate
- Double check distance/ETD/ETA and _____ constraints. Lock or password protect, save a back-up and obtain Master’s verification. Record
- Complete the full navigation plan by detailing voyage orders within ECDIS and create ________ notebook.

A

Basic ECDIS route creation recommendations:
- Screen into ‘large’ or ‘planning’ screen format
- Orientate to show the beginning and end of the route to get an OVERALL feel for the route
- HIDE all old routes, constructs, etc.
- Begin waypoint plotting
- Zoom in to a more appropriate scale to adjust waypoints for TSS etc.
- Zoom in to 1:1 for FINAL checking and moving of waypoints, alternating between chart formats as required for QC
- Check ZOCs/source data diagram and AMEND route, highlight as necessary
- Scan route at an appropriate XTC (parameters for appropriate width and depth) to allow for deviations/collision avoidance
- Check again on 1:1 for hazards. Print or export route, as appropriate
- Double check distance/ETD/ETA and TIDAL constraints. Lock or password protect, save a back-up and obtain Master’s verification. Record
- Complete the full navigation plan by detailing voyage orders within ECDIS and create PILOTAGE notebook.

134
Q

Voyage notes on ECDIS should contain applicable information to aid in the execution:
- Ships’ _______ and reporting systems with instructions
- Changes to IALA systems of maritime buoyage
- Weather concerns and measures to be taken (safe care of cargoes and personnel)
- Information relevant to international __________, codes, and guidelines (eg MARPOL)
- Abort points. Contingency decisions
- Pilotage obligations with ________ points/RVs (including marine declarations of health and requirements of the international health regulations)
- Application of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code - checklists to be completed
- Areas of special interest or concern - eg primary measures to be taken/day or night

A

Voyage notes on ECDIS should contain applicable information to aid in the execution:
- Ships’ ROUTEING and reporting systems with instructions
- Changes to IALA systems of maritime buoyage
- Weather concerns and measures to be taken (safe care of cargoes and personnel)
- Information relevant to international REGULATIONS, codes, and guidelines (eg MARPOL)
- Abort points. Contingency decisions
- Pilotage obligations with REPORTING points/RVs (including marine declarations of health and requirements of the international health regulations)
- Application of the International Safety Management (ISM) Code - checklists to be completed
- Areas of special interest or concern - eg primary measures to be taken/day or night

135
Q

Once _________ time is known, the ETA can be established as well as ETAs at critical points, times of high water, etc.

A

Once DEPARTURE time is known, the ETA can be established as well as ETAs at critical points, times of high water, etc.

136
Q

ECDIS route execution is undertaken as:
- _______ Nav Plan
- Follow the route and known cross track limits
- Look ahead to ______ Nav Plan notes/sea orders to be prepared
- Check that ________ forecasts will not adversely affect plan
- Insert NAVWARNINGs and check the route as necessary

A

ECDIS route execution is undertaken as:
- ACTIVATE Nav Plan
- Follow the route and known cross track limits
- Look ahead to CHECK Nav Plan notes/sea orders to be prepared
- Check that WEATHER forecasts will not adversely affect plan
- Insert NAVWARNINGs and check the route as necessary

137
Q

ECDIS Monitoring -
- Ship’s progress is ____________ checked against the planned route, necessary deviations are amended in the plan, and the bridge management team is ________.
- Navigation ___________ is monitored and checked on passage and prior to departure.

A

ECDIS Monitoring -
- Ship’s progress is CONTINUOUSLY checked against the planned route, necessary deviations are amended in the plan, and the bridge management team is ADVISED.
- Navigation EQUIPMENT is monitored and checked on passage and prior to departure.

138
Q

For ECDIS monitoring consider:
- Is the NAVTRACK safe?
- What is the ________ danger?
- Are all ________ functioning correctly and what is their accuracy?
- Determine ________ of the primary positioning system, GNSS. Use visual references/radar overlay/PIs/visual and radar fixes/Loran-C/Celestial/AIS. Review HDOP (horizontal dilution of precision)
- Check waypoint ETAs/SMG are as expected - zoom ____ for information/route monitoring function
- Cross check against all other NAVAIDS
- Does the plan contain an appropriate level of ______ for the passage?

A

For ECDIS monitoring consider:
- Is the NAVTRACK safe?
- What is the NEAREST danger?
- Are all SENSORS functioning correctly and what is their accuracy?
- Determine ACCURACY of the primary positioning system, GNSS. Use visual references/radar overlay/PIs/visual and radar fixes/Loran-C/Celestial/AIS. Review HDOP (horizontal dilution of precision)
- Check waypoint ETAs/SMG are as expected - zoom OUT for information/route monitoring function
- Cross check against all other NAVAIDS
- Does the plan contain an appropriate level of DETAIL for the passage?

139
Q

Chart notes for ENCs can be _______ and often appear as an explanation mark or a small letter i.
- All notes that affect the passage should be _________.

A

Chart notes for ENCs can be VIEWED and often appear as an explanation mark or a small letter i.
- All notes that affect the passage should be REVIEWED.

140
Q

General principles of creating a route on ECDIS:
- Dropping waypoints directly on chart. Waypoints created by this method are automatically ___________ and can be named by typing coordinates using the keyboard
- Selecting pre-stored waypoints. Depending on the system, a bank of waypoints can be ________ to allow the user to select those required, eg pilot boarding points
- Selecting a pre-stored route and editing. Waypoints can be inserted or added to an ________ route, which can then be renamed

A

General principles of creating a route on ECDIS:
- Dropping waypoints directly on chart. Waypoints created by this method are automatically NUMBERED and can be named by typing coordinates using the keyboard
- Selecting pre-stored waypoints. Depending on the system, a bank of waypoints can be CREATED to allow the user to select those required, eg pilot boarding points
- Selecting a pre-stored route and editing. Waypoints can be inserted or added to an EXISTING route, which can then be renamed

141
Q

Five key functions exist within the ECDIS route planning element:
- Waypoint editor
- Linking _______ corrections to specific routes
- Route timing (optimizing)
- Configuration of _______ settings for the route
- Route checking

A

Five key functions exist within the ECDIS route planning element:
- Waypoint editor
- Linking MANUAL corrections to specific routes
- Route timing (optimizing)
- Configuration of SAFETY settings for the route
- Route checking

142
Q

The use of EBL/VRM function is available when _______ a route to aid in the input of waypoints.

A

The use of EBL/VRM function is available when EDITING a route to aid in the input of waypoints.

143
Q

Very important to note that S-52 symbols remain the ____ size. Therefore, on a smaller scale chart (________ ____), a buoy may appear very close to the navigation track due to its relative size, when it is in fact some distance away.

A

Very important to note that S-52 symbols remain the SAME size. Therefore, on a smaller scale chart (ZOOMED OUT), a buoy may appear very close to the navigation track due to its relative size, when it is in fact some distance away.

144
Q

Usually 2 EBLs and 2 VRMs can be displayed, either ship centered or ______ to an object.

A

Usually 2 EBLs and 2 VRMs can be displayed, either ship centered or FIXED to an object.

145
Q

The cross track limits should be set as ______ as possible and be specific to each leg.
- If XTD Alarm is selected, most ECDIS systems will issue an alarm should the ship _______ the cross track limit.

A

The cross track limits should be set as LARGE as possible and be specific to each leg.
- If XTD Alarm is selected, most ECDIS systems will issue an alarm should the ship EXCEED the cross track limit.

146
Q

Before using a route it should be checked for potential dangers. The system will only check within the XTD for each route ____ for potential dangers and unsafe depths, so it is very important that this value is carefully considered. The Safety Check function checks all scales of ENCs but will not detect dangers on an RNC unless objects with a danger attribute have been _________ within the XTL (cross track limit) of the route.

A

Before using a route it should be checked for potential dangers. The system will only check within the XTD for each route LEG for potential dangers and unsafe depths, so it is very important that this value is carefully considered. The Safety Check function checks all scales of ENCs but will not detect dangers on an RNC unless objects with a danger attribute have been INSERTED within the XTL (cross track limit) of the route.

147
Q

Checking a route on ECDIS -
One of the most important aspects is ensuring that the correct ______ ______ settings have been applied before conducting the scan. This affects not just the safety contour that will be indicated, but the safety depth that governs the activation of _______ dangers.

A

Checking a route on ECDIS -
One of the most important aspects is ensuring that the correct SAFETY DEPTH settings have been applied before conducting the scan. This affects not just the safety contour that will be indicated, but the safety depth that governs the activation of ISOLATED dangers.

148
Q

The ECDIS route scanning only works with ENCs not RNCs. The only dangers highlighted on RNCs are _____ ________ dangers that are manually created with an alarmed mariner overlay.

A

The ECDIS route scanning only works with ENCs not RNCs. The only dangers highlighted on RNCs are USER DEFINED dangers that are manually created with an alarmed mariner overlay.

149
Q
  • Route must be checked on creation, during ______ and post chart updates.
  • Scroll route in its _______ on the best scale charts as a final check.
  • Chart availability and _______ status should be verified.
A
  • Route must be checked on creation, during EDITING and post chart updates.
  • Scroll route in its ENTIRETY on the best scale charts as a final check.
  • Chart availability and UPDATE status should be verified.
150
Q

If a danger is discovered during route scan on ECDIS, there are two ways to deal with the issue:
- ____-______ the nav track to maintain original XTD distance from any dangers or objects
- Accept proximity of danger to the nav track and _____ the XTD on that side to provide an alarm and limit how far the ship is allowed to deviate from the nav track at that point

A

If a danger is discovered during route scan on ECDIS, there are two ways to deal with the issue:
- RE-ROUTE the nav track to maintain original XTD distance from any dangers or objects
- Accept proximity of danger to the nav track and REDUCE the XTD on that side to provide an alarm and limit how far the ship is allowed to deviate from the nav track at that point

151
Q

If any changes to the route are required or if safety settings are altered (eg change in draught) before executing the route, the whole route needs ____-_________.

A

If any changes to the route are required or if safety settings are altered (eg change in draught) before executing the route, the whole route needs RE-SCANNING.

152
Q

ECDIS routes can either be ________/_________ individually or as a .zip file of all routes and user charts held on the system.

A

ECDIS routes can either be EXPORTED/IMPORTED individually or as a .zip file of all routes and user charts held on the system.

153
Q

ECDIS operator can adjust screen and layout to suit the conditions, and should consider and be able to perform the following:
- Select the most appropriate screen layout - ______ view ENC is recommended
- Load the most appropriate Chart Settings to suit the environment
- Select appropriate layers and text via Chart Settings
- Load the relevant additional information such as manual corrections and markers/highlights
- Toggle _______ Updates between show and hide so that only relevant data is displayed
- Vessel safety _______ is set in Chart Settings and corresponding safety ________ cited
- Vessel shallow and deep contour are set appropriately
- ____ or four color depth shading is selected

A

ECDIS operator can adjust screen and layout to suit the conditions, and should consider and be able to perform the following:
- Select the most appropriate screen layout - SINGLE view ENC is recommended
- Load the most appropriate Chart Settings to suit the environment
- Select appropriate layers and text via Chart Settings
- Load the relevant additional information such as manual corrections and markers/highlights
- Toggle MANUAL Updates between show and hide so that only relevant data is displayed
- Vessel safety DEPTH is set in Chart Settings and corresponding safety CONTOUR cited
- Vessel shallow and deep contour are set appropriately
- TWO or four color depth shading is selected

154
Q

Any ______ route can be selected as the active route.
- Once activated, the route turns from orange to red and the system begins route monitoring function. This is used for ___________ of the route.

A

Any SAVED route can be selected as the active route.
- Once activated, the route turns from orange to red and the system begins route monitoring function. This is used for EXECUTION of the route.

155
Q

Position monitoring window
- is a dedicated window that is ____________ allocated to monitor vessel position.
- It is up to the operator to load and _____ the best scale chart available.

A

Position monitoring window
- is a dedicated window that is AUTOMATICALLY allocated to monitor vessel position.
- It is up to the operator to load and VIEW the best scale chart available.

156
Q

Navigation and route data are displayed in a number of separate areas/panels and often in ____________ form. Some generic panels are:
- Own _____ Data Panel
- Date and Time
- Primary _________
- Additional Data
- Route Display
- Route Data
- Information Panel

A

Navigation and route data are displayed in a number of separate areas/panels and often in ABBREVIATED form. Some generic panels are:
- Own SHIP Data Panel
- Date and Time
- Primary POSITION
- Additional Data
- Route Display
- Route Data
- Information Panel

157
Q

All ECDIS systems are fitted with a function that will automatically look ahead for __________.
- If the navigator has correctly followed all the stages of passage planning and the ship is on track, this function should not be _________.

A

All ECDIS systems are fitted with a function that will AUTOMATICALLY look ahead for dangers.
- If the navigator has correctly followed all the stages of passage planning and the ship is on track, this function should not be NEEDED.

158
Q

IMO performance standards for ECDIS:
- Alarm given if the ship, within a specified time set by the mariner, is going to cross a ______ contour (vector charts)
- Alarm or indication, as _______ by the mariner, is given if the ship, within a specified time set by the mariner, is going to cross the boundary of a prohibited area or a __________ area for which special conditions exist

A

IMO performance standards for ECDIS:
- Alarm given if the ship, within a specified time set by the mariner, is going to cross a SAFETY contour (vector charts)
- Alarm or indication, as SELECTED by the mariner, is given if the ship, within a specified time set by the mariner, is going to cross the boundary of a prohibited area or a GEOGRAPHIC are for which special conditions exist

159
Q

The display for the Sector and _______ Areas can be turned off but they will still alarm because they have been activated.
- They can be deactivated and not alarm, but they will still be _________ detected.

A

The display for the Sector and VECTOR Areas can be turned off but they will still alarm because they have been activated.
- They can be deactivated and not alarm, but they will still be VISUALLY detected.

160
Q

Function can be set as _____ or _______ with relation to own ship position and configured as a Vector Area and/or Sector Area.

A

Function can be set as TRUE or RELATIVE with relation to own ship position and configured as a Vector Area and/or Sector Area.

161
Q

Both Danger Detection Areas are displayed relative to own ship’s _________.
- They actively scan the defined area ______ of your ship, looking for dangers.
- Particularly important during ________ and at times when the ship has crossed the XTD.

A

Both Danger Detection Areas are displayed relative to own ship’s HEADING.
- They actively scan the defined area AHEAD of your ship, looking for dangers.
- Particularly important during PILOTAGE and at times when the ship has crossed the XTD.

162
Q

It is not standardized, but the Danger Detection function typically _______ for:
- Crossing _______ contour
- Traffic separation zone
- Traffic crossing
- Traffic roundabout
- Two way traffic
- Deeper water route

A

It is not standardized, but the Danger Detection function typically ALARMS for:
- Crossing SAFETY contour
- Traffic separation zone
- Traffic crossing
- Traffic roundabout
- Two way traffic
- Deeper water route

163
Q

The Danger Detection does not look around __________ on most systems, but some systems do.
- These systems can use the tidal _______ (when selected) and alter wheel over point accounting for the set.

A

The Danger Detection does not look around WAYPOINTS on most systems, but some systems do.
- These systems can use the tidal VECTOR (when selected) and alter wheel over point accounting for the set.

164
Q

ECDIS True Motion
- chart stays fixed while own ship moves across it.
- When own ship reaches edge of the chart display, the chart is ________ to keep own ship in view and the point at which it adjusts at be set in Chart Settings.
- The Border ______ can usually be set between 30%-80%.

A

ECDIS True Motion
- chart stays fixed while own ship moves across it.
- When own ship reaches edge of the chart display, the chart is REDRAWN to keep own ship in view and the point at which it adjusts at be set in Chart Settings.
- The Border RANGE can usually be set between 30%-80%.

165
Q

ECDIS Relative Motion
- own ship is at the center of display and chart moves ______ own ship.
- Own ship position can be _______ by clicking the desired position of own ship.

A

ECDIS Relative Motion
- own ship is at the center of display and chart moves UNDER own ship.
- Own ship position can be OFFSET by clicking the desired position of own ship.

166
Q

ECDIS Free Motion
- chart displayed irrespective of own ship position.
- Ship will _______ when reaching the edge of the display.

A

ECDIS Free Motion
- chart displayed irrespective of own ship position.
- Ship will DISAPPEAR when reaching the edge of the display.

167
Q

ECDIS Chart can be oriented in one of four ways:
- North Up
- Course Up
- WPT Up - own ship points to the next _________ that is displayed on the screen
- Rotation - chart can be rotated as desired on 1-degree steps

A

ECDIS Chart can be oriented in one of four ways:
- North Up
- Course Up
- WPT Up - own ship points to the next WAYPOINT that is displayed on the screen
- Rotation - chart can be rotated as desired on 1-degree steps

168
Q

ECDIS Chart orientation options available depend on the type of motion selected:
- True Motion - _______ Up, Rotation only
- Relative Motion - North Up, _______ Up, WPT Up, Rotation
- Free Motion - North Up, Rotation only

A

ECDIS Chart orientation options available depend on the type of motion selected:
- True Motion - NORTH Up, Rotation only
- Relative Motion - North Up, COURSE Up, WPT Up, Rotation
- Free Motion - North Up, Rotation only

169
Q

The Margin (Chart Rotation) is effective only in Course Up.
- The chart will be turned by the angle set and when that angle ________ from the ________ has been reached.

A

The Margin (Chart Rotation) is effective only in Course Up.
- The chart will be turned by the angle set and when that angle DEVIATION from the COURSE has been reached.

170
Q

When the MOB button is pressed, a MOB ________ is placed in the own ship position and the marker dialogue box opens, displaying the following information:
- Position in latitude and longitude
- Bearing
- Range (NM, km, or meters)
- Time to go (to _________ with MOB or time elapsed)

A

When the MOB button button is pressed, a MOB MARKER is placed in the own ship position and the marker dialogue box opens, displaying the following information:
- Position in latitude and longitude
- Bearing
- Range (NM, km, or meters)
- Time to go (to INTERCEPT with MOB or time elapsed)

171
Q

Some ECDIS have a SAR function that serves for planning of most SAR operations, but not all.
- Operator can input the commence search point position, current own ship speed, selected search pattern and search ___________, then these patterns are represented as route plans that can be loaded for ___________ by your ship.

A

Some ECDIS have a SAR function that serves for planning of most SAR operations, but not all.
- Operator can input the commence search point position, current own ship speed, selected search pattern and search PARAMETERS, then these patterns are represented as route plans that can be loaded for MONITORING by your ship.

172
Q

ECDIS MOB/SAR -
- Important to know whether any datum is ground or sea stabilized.
- Most cases are ground stabilized, so the MOB/SAR marker will be ______ to where it was dropped.
- It is possible to _____ tidal set or to link tidal information and apply set automatically, or change the time and position.

A

ECDIS MOB/SAR -
- Important to know whether any datum is ground or sea stabilized.
- Most cases are ground stabilized, so the MOB/SAR marker will be FIXED to where it was dropped.
- It is possible to INPUT tidal set or to link tidal information and apply set automatically, or change the time and position.

173
Q

IMO requires adequate ____________ back-up arrangements which include:
- Facilities enabling a safe and timely ____-____ of the ECDIS functions to the back-up system to ensure that an ECDIS failure does not result in a _______ situation
- A means to provide for safe __________ for the remaining part of the voyage in case of ECDIS failure

A

IMO requires adequate INDEPENDENT back-up arrangements which include:
- Facilities enabling a safe and timely TAKE-OVER of the ECDIS functions to the back-up system to ensure that an ECDIS failure does not result in a CRITICAL situation
- A means to provide for safe NAVIGATION for the remaining part of the voyage in case of ECDIS failure

174
Q

Two commonly accepted options as adequate back-up arrangements:
- A second ECDIS, connected to an ___________ power supply and a separate _____ position input
- An appropriate folio of up to date official ______ charts for the intended voyage. These should be replaced by a properly functioning ECDIS as soon as possible.

A

Two commonly accepted options as adequate back-up arrangements:
- A second ECDIS, connected to an INDEPENDENT power supply and a separate GNSS position input
- An appropriate folio of up to date official PAPER charts for the intended voyage. These should be replaced by a properly functioning ECDIS as soon as possible.

175
Q

It is vital to remember that there is no point in having a back-up if it is not ready to go.
- The role of the ECDIS ________ is to configure not only the primary but also the back-up.
- If the ________ ECDIS fails, it will be too late to copy the route onto the back-up.
- It needs to either be on the back-up or on some form of _______ that can easily be accessed.

A

It is vital to remember that there is no point in having a back-up if it is not ready to go.
- The role of the ECDIS OPERATOR is to configure not only the primary but also the back-up.
- If the PRIMARY ECDIS fails, it will be too late to copy the route onto the back-up.
- It needs to either be on the back-up or on some form of MEDIA that can easily be accessed.

176
Q

The back-up power supply should be _________ from the ECDIS and conform to IMO.

A

The back-up power supply should be SEPARATE from the ECDIS and conform to IMO.

177
Q

It should be possible to operate the ECDIS and all equipment necessary for its ________ functioning when supplied by an _________ power source in accordance with SOLAS.

A

It should be possible to operate the ECDIS and all equipment necessary for its NORMAL functioning when supplied by an EMERGENCY power source in accordance with SOLAS.

178
Q

ECDIS-
An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is required to operate for at least ___ minutes.

A

ECDIS-
An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is required to operate for at least 30 minutes.

179
Q

Changing from one source of power to another, or any interruption of power supply of up to ___ seconds, should not require the equipment to be manually ___-_________.

A

Changing from one source of power to another, or any interruption of power supply of up to 45 seconds, should not require the equipment to be manually RE-INITIALIZED.

180
Q

Fitted with _____ ECDIS should enable a ship to navigate paperless, some administrations for a transitional period may require a ship to carry a ‘get you home’ ______ chart outfit.

A

Fitted with DUAL ECDIS should enable a ship to navigate paperless, some administrations for a transitional period may require a ship to carry a ‘get you home’ PAPER chart outfit.

181
Q

ECDIS-
- a third computer used for planning purposes that is kept in the ________ could be used in an emergency if all else fails.

A

ECDIS-
- a third computer used for planning purposes that is kept in the CHARTROOM could be used in an emergency if all else fails.

182
Q

In a __________, it is suggested that one bridge system is shut down.
- The one running ECDIS is then used for ___ minutes (or as long as it remains powered) and then the second ECDIS is powered up, before shutting down the first in a ________ manner.

A

In a BLACKOUT, it is suggested that one bridge system is shut down.
- The one running ECDIS is then used for 30 minutes (or as long as it remains powered) and then the second ECDIS is powered up, before shutting down the first in a CONTROLLED manner.

183
Q

Although ECDIS units are ___________, degradation of one sensor will affect all ECDIS units.
- Integrity monitoring is essential, _______ the information you are receiving is actually correct.

A

Although ECDIS units are INDEPENDENT, degradation of one sensor will affect all ECDIS units.
- Integrity monitoring is essential, PROVE the information you are receiving is actually correct.

184
Q

“ECDIS should store and be able to __________ certain minimum elements required to reconstruct the ___________ and verify the official database used during the previous 12 hours.”
- IMO Resolution MSC.232.(82)

A

“ECDIS should store and be able to REPRODUCE certain minimum elements required to reconstruct the NAVIGATION and verify the official database used during the previous 12 hours.”
- IMO Resolution MSC.232.(82)

Alaska Pilots (47 decks)

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