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PPL - Navigation > The Earth > Flashcards

The Earth Flashcards

1
Q

5 things required to navigate

REMEMBER: MC TSA

A
  1. Map
  2. Compass
  3. Timepiece
  4. Speed
  5. Altitude
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2
Q

The percentage variable between equatorial and polar diameter

A

0.3%

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3
Q

What are the Georgraphic poles known as

A

TRUE NORTH
TRUE SOUTH

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4
Q

The axial tilt of the earth

A

23.5॰

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5
Q

The seasons throughout the year are as a result of what

A

AXIAL TILT OF EARTH

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6
Q

Longitude lines are known by what name

A

MERIDIANS

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7
Q

Longitude lines join from where to where

A

TRUE NORTH to TRUE SOUTH

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8
Q

A starting place to read longitude lines can be known by which 3 different names

A
  1. Prime Meridian
  2. Grenwich Meridian
  3. 0॰ Longitude
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9
Q

Longitude lines are referenced by which 2 cardinal points on a compass

A

EAST or WEST

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10
Q

The opposite side of the world to the starting meridian is known by what name, and how many degrees of reference

A
  1. Anti Meridian
  2. 180॰
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11
Q

Latitude lines are known by what name

A

PARALLELS

REMEMBER: The “Aaa” sound
LAaaatitude
pAaaarallel

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12
Q

A starting place to read latitude lines is from what location

A

EQUATOR

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13
Q

Measurements of latitude are measured from the equator by which 2 cardinal points on a compass

A

NORTH or SOUTH

REMEMBER: LAT sounds like SATurday = S for South

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14
Q

What are the 3 unit references used when referencing the earth on an aviation chart. I.e coordinates of a location on the chart

A
  1. Degrees
  2. Minutes
  3. Seconds
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15
Q

Latitude can only be from ____॰ South to ____॰ North.
Longitude can only be from ____॰ East or West to ____॰ East or West

A
  1. 90॰ South
  2. 90॰ North
  3. 0॰ East or West
  4. 180॰ East or West
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16
Q

Referencing seconds as a fraction

How else can the following coordinates be written when referencing seconds as a fraction
N52॰33’15” E001॰21’55”

A

N52॰33.25
E001॰21.92

Where seconds are a fraction of 60 seconds i.e. 15/60 for 15 seconds
15 seconds = 0.25

17
Q

The distance between longitude lines at the equator is MORE, LESS or THE SAME than at the poles

A

MORE

LINK HERE

18
Q

The Nautical Mile (nm) is a measurement of what

A

Angle of one minute latitude
(1/60th of a degree)

19
Q

What is the unit of speed to define 1nm

A

1 knot

1nm travelled in 1 hour is 1 knot

20
Q

What is the circumference of the earth given that we know 1nm is a measurement of angle of one minute latitude

A

21,600nm

Every angle of one minute latitude is 1/60th of a degree and is known as 1nm, with there being 60 minutes in an hour.
There are 360॰ around the earth (earth is a circle)
360 x 60 minutes = 21,600 minutes
1 minute = 1nm
so 21600 minutes = 21600nm

21
Q

What is the technical term (name) of calculating the distance at the surface of the earth given the variation with latitude

A

DEPARTURE

22
Q

What is the formula to calculate the distance (in nm) represented by a change in longitude at other parallels of latitude

A

dLong x Cos(Lat)
Change in Longitude (minutes) x Cosine of latitude

Each change in degree represents a change in minutes. So where the formula says “change in longitude (minutes)”, if the change in Longitude is from between 020॰West ad 010॰east, going from east to west, the change is 030॰. We now need to multiple 030॰ by 60 minutes (60 minutes in an hour) to obtain the nautical mile distance (REMEMBER - 1nm ∝ 1/60th degree change in angle i.e. 1 minute)
Formula would become (30 x 60) x Cos(Lat)

23
Q

What is the distance travelled (in nm) between 035॰West ad 035॰east at Latitude of 53॰ North

A

2527.6nm

**REMEMBER: **
Change in Longitude (minutes) x Cosine of latitude
035॰ WEST back to 0॰ is 35
0॰ to 035॰ EAST is 35
35 + 35 = 70
(70 x 60) x Cos (53) = 2527.6nm

24
Q

What are the 2 standard units of measurement for non-geographic reference points

A
  1. Meter
  2. Kilometer
25
Q

What are the 4 imperial units of measurement for non-geographic reference points

A
  1. Statue Mile
  2. Yard
  3. Feet
  4. Inches
26
Q

What is the significance of a Rhumb line and how it crosses meridians

A

Cross meridians of longitude at the same angle

LINK HERE

27
Q

What is the definition of a Great Circle

A

Shortest point between two points on the earths surface

LINK HERE

28
Q

The North Star permanently sits above Earths which point

A

TRUE NORTH

29
Q

The North star is part of which constellation

A

URSA MINOR

30
Q

Navigational directions are always expressed with how many digits

A

3

31
Q

Lines of equal magnetic variation are known as what

A

ISOGONALS

32
Q

The difference in bearing between True North and Magnetic North is known as what

A

VAR
(Variation)

33
Q

Generally speaking, maps and charts are produced with reference to which north, TRUE or MAGNETIC

A

TRUE

PPL - Navigation (16 decks)

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