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1
Q

What does VDF stand for

A

VHF DIRECTION FINDING

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2
Q

A PILOT or CONTROLLER would use a VDF aid

A

CONTROLLER

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3
Q

How does a VDF work

A
  1. Pilot transmits
  2. VDF calculates direction of transmission

NOTE: DOES NOT include range

Allows a pilot to plot his position from different ATSU services equipt with VDF

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4
Q

Bearing classifications and accuracy levels

What are the accuracy levels of the following classes;
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D

A
  1. A = ± 2॰
  2. B = ± 5॰
  3. C = ± 10॰
  4. D = > 10॰
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5
Q

Bearing classifications

What are the 4 classifications

A

A, B, C & D

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6
Q

VDF Bearings to the aircraft

What is the definition of;
QDM

A

MAGNETIC heaing TO station

REMEMBER: qDM
Direction Indicator
Remember the “mmmm” sound in hoMe “hoMMMe”
Use DI to navigate hoMe TO the airfield

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7
Q

VDF Bearings to the aircraft

What is the definition of;
QDR

A

MAGNETIC heading FROM station

REMEMBER: qDR = Radial
Direction fRom the Radial
The STATION is at the center

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8
Q

VDF Bearings to the aircraft

What is the definition of;
QUJ

A

TRUE bearing TO station

“QU” sounds like TO

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9
Q

VDF Bearings to aircraft

What is the definition of;
QTE

A

TRUE bearing FROM station

REMEMBER: qTE
True fix from Equipment

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10
Q

VDF Bearings to aircraft

What is the definition of;
QGH

A

CONTROLLER INTERPRETED

Controller advises aircraft of hearings & heights based on transmission

REMEMBER QGH

Ground Help

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11
Q

To obtain a position fix, a pilot will request TRUE or MAGNETIC bearings

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What does ADF stand for

A

AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDING

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13
Q

How does a pilot use an ADF

A

Tune to a specific NDB
Pointer points towards beacon

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14
Q

What frequency bands does an NDB transmit on

Nominal Deutsnches Bahn

A

LOW to MEDIUM

Nominal Deutsnches Bahn

DB have low to medium customer service

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15
Q

What are the 2 transmission types of an ADF

Remember: Long and Short in sequential order

A
  1. N0N A1A (Long range)
  2. N0N A2A (Short range)
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16
Q

What does a N0N A1A transmission require

A

BEAT FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR
(BFO)

Required for IDENT

DJ A1A down with the beat

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17
Q

For a short range N0N A2A, how does the ADF ident

A

IDENT available on ADF settings

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18
Q

Bearings are usually interpreted as TRUE or MAGNETIC

A

MAGNETIC

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19
Q

On an aviation chart, what are the 2 pieces of information provided to identify an NDB

A
  1. BEACON IDENTITY
  2. FREQUENCY
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20
Q

When setting up an ADF on the instrument, what does SID mean

A

Select
Identify
Display

21
Q

What is a relative bearing

A

Bearing to the NDB relative to the aircraft nose

If DI is showing aircraft travelling west (270॰) and the NDB is 45॰ off of its rear starboard side, the relative bearing is 200॰ i.e. starting from the nose, its 220॰ to the bearing.
The actual true bearing would be 120॰ from north

22
Q

what is an NDB bearing

A

Bearing TO or FROM NDB relative to North

If aircraft is on a bearing FROM the NDB, the pointer will pointing backwards
If the aircraft is on a bearing TO the NDB, the pointer will be pointing forward
EXAMPLES;
1. Aircraft is flying on the DI bearing of of 050॰, the ADF needle is pointing exactly backwards.
If the arrow were super imposed over the DI, the NDB would be directly behind us, meaning we are on a 050॰ bearing FROM the NDB
2. Aircraft is flying on the DI bearing of 330॰, the ADF needl is pointing exactly forwards
If the arrow were super imposed over the DI, the NDB would be directly infront of us, meaning we are on a 330॰ bearing TO the NDB

23
Q

ADF station passage

What is the degree of the “cone of silence” from the NDB, and what happens to the aircrafts needle as it flies through the cone

A
  1. 40॰
  2. Wanders aimlessly
24
Q

What are the 4 things affecting the accuracy of an ADF

N C Q D

A
  1. Night Effect
  2. Coastal Refraction
  3. Quadrantal error
  4. Dip error
25
Q

When used during the day, ADF bearing accuracy should be what value in degrees

26
Q

What does VOR stand for

A

VHF Omnidirectional Range

27
Q

How does a pilot leverage a VOR

A

Tune aircraft equipment into ground beacon
2 x 30Hz signals ; reference & variable
Signal presented to pilot, enables them to determine bearing FROM the beacon

28
Q

The imaginary line painted on a specific magnetic bearing relative to a VOR is known as what

A

RADIAL

Imagine a straight line draw through the VOR, the line will intercept the radial i.e. if a 185॰ is given, imagine a Radial drawn over the VOR, now imagine a straight line from the VOR in the middle of the radial out to the 185॰ mark. This is the radial line.

29
Q

Radials are always referred to as being TO or FROM the VOR

30
Q

4How many COMs and NAV frequencies are required for a VOR

A

2x NAV
2x COM

4

31
Q

Each mark on the VOR receiver window is equal to ____॰ of VOR Radial

32
Q

If the aircraft is flying a heading of 300॰ and on the VOR instrument, the white line was in perfect center and the TO/FROM arrow was saying TO, what bearing would be indicated at the top.

A

300॰

You are on a bearing of 300॰ TO the VOR

33
Q

If the aircraft is flying a heading of 300॰ and on the VOR instrument, the white line was in perfect center and the TO/FROM arrow was saying FROM, what bearing would be indicated at the top.

A

120॰

You are on a bearing of 120॰ FROM the VOR.
In other words, if you looked at an aviation chart, you would turn 120॰ around the radial until you aligned with the track that matches to where the aircraft is coming from.

34
Q

If the VOR window indicates the TO VOR flag the aircraft IS or IS NOT on the same side as the VOR

A

IS NOT

The side of the VOR is identified as +/- 90॰ from the selected radial from the VOR.
The Radial is set to 330॰. The aircraft might be flying a heading 010 which is within 90॰ of 330॰, but the aircraft’s actual position relative to the VOR radial is 070॰.
This makes the aircraft TO the set radial but on the path it’s flying once it crosses the 90॰ line drawn over the VOR relative to the radial set (060॰), the flag will change to FROM as it would now be on the same side.

LINK HERE

35
Q

If the VOR window indicates the FROM VOR flag, the aircraft IS or IS NOT on the same side as the VOR

A

IS

The side of the VOR is identified as +/- 90॰ from the selected radial from the VOR.
The Radial is set to 330॰. The aircraft might be flying a heading 070 which is not within 90॰ of 330॰, but the aircraft’s actual position relative to the VOR radial is 010॰.
This makes the aircraft FROM the set radial but on the path it’s flying once it crosses the 90॰ line drawn over the VOR relative to the radial set (060॰), the flag will change to TO as it would not now be on the same side i.e. within 90॰.

LINK HERE

36
Q

What does CDI stand for

A

COURSE DEVIATION INDICATOR

37
Q

As good practice, what should a pilot always ensure appears in the top of the OBS

A

CDI Heading

38
Q

What does OBS stand for

A

OMNI BEARING SELECTOR

39
Q

VOR station passage

What is the degree of the “cone of confusion” from the VOR, and what happens to the aircrafts CDI as it flies through the cone

A
  1. 50॰
  2. TO/FROM indicator may flip erractically
  3. NAV fla may be present
40
Q

What is the altitude of the VOR “cone of confusion” and what is the radial diameter (in nm) of the cone at this altitude

A
  1. 30,000ft
  2. 11.8nm
41
Q

What is the VOR total system transmitter and receiver error in degrees

42
Q

What does DME stand for

A

DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT

43
Q

What is a pilot able to do with the use of one co-located VOR-DME

A

PLOT POSITION

44
Q

What are the 3 display outputs from a DME in the aircraft

A
  1. Time to station
  2. Groundspeed
  3. Distance from station
45
Q

At co-located VOR/DME stations, if you tune in to ident, what pitches will the code be given in for;
1. NDB
2. VOR
3. DME

A
  1. Low
  2. Medium
  3. High
46
Q

Speed and time in relation to a DME ground station is only valid in what 2 circumstances

A
  1. FLYING TOWARDS
  2. FLYING AWAY

If flying around a DME, speed will turn to 0 kts and time will increase to 999 min

47
Q

DME is measured in slant range. What is the significance of this

A

The distance between the aircraft and the DME station is actually slightly more than if the aircraft were at ground level from the same location.

Rule of thumb; for every 1nm you are away from a DME, for every thousand feet, the error is negligible.
i.e. If you are 1nm away and 1000ft, or 5nm away and at 5000ft, error is negligible

48
Q

A VOR indicates the direction an aircraft should fly to get to the beacon, TRUE or FALSE

A

FALSE

A VOR only shows the aircrafts relative position to a given VOR Radial

49
Q

What instrument does each of the following detail
1. Includes a to and from flag. It does not indicate which direction the aircraft should fly
2. Includes a pointer which indicates the direction the aircraft should fly
3. includes a digital interface that presents the distance in nm, time in minutes, and speed in knots

A
  1. VOR
  2. ADF
  3. DME

PPL - Navigation (16 decks)

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