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The Directory Flashcards

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1
Q

Vacancies on CPS and CGS were filled with moderates

A

31 July 1794 (3 days after Robespierre’s arrest)

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2
Q

Law of 22 Prairial repealed

A

1 August 1794

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3
Q

Law on Revolutionary Government

A

24 August 1794

  • one rev committee per department
  • 16 different committees under NC became responsible for government
  • reps on mission had their authority curbed
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4
Q

Jacobin Club closed

A

12 November 1794

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5
Q

Reps on mission abolished

A

April 1795

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6
Q

Rev Tribunal abolished and its chief prosecutor (Fourquier-Tinville) was executed

A

May 1795

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7
Q

Law of Suspects repealed

A

October 1795

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8
Q

Number of people executed from July 1794 to May 1795

A

Only 63

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9
Q

Paris Commune’s power was reduced

A

31 August 1794 (working class radicals were deprived the right to assemble)

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10
Q

Parisian sectional assemblies were prohibited from meeting

A

October 1794

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11
Q

General maximum was abolished

A

24 December 1794

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12
Q

Church and State were officially separated and NC decided to stop paying clerical salaries

A

18 September 1794

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13
Q

Free exercise of all religions, but no outward show

A

February 1795

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14
Q

NC reintroduced the oath of loyalty to stop the Catholic Church from regaining power and influence

A

February 1795

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15
Q

Poor harvest and harsh winter

A

1794

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16
Q

Value of the assignat (1795)

A

April 1795, 8% face value

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17
Q

Rising of 12 Germinal

A

1 April 1795
10,000 invaded NC demanding bread and the constitution of 1793
20,000 troops - Paris placed under martial law under General Pichegru

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18
Q

Rising of 1 Prairial

A

20 May 1795
20,000 invaded NC demanding bread, realise of Jacobins and the constitution of 1793
40,000 soldiers
6000 arrested and 42 NGs executed

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19
Q

Rising of 13 Vendemiaire

A

5 October 1795
25,000 surrounded NC
Royalists - believed that vote on new constitution had been rigged
Napoleon led 5/6000 troops, killed 300 ‘with a whiff of grapeshot’

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20
Q

White Terror groups

A

Muscadins (royalists)
Jeunesse dorée (gilded youth)
Nimes - Companies of the Sun
Lyons - Companies of Jesus

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21
Q

Number killed in SE during White Terror

A

2000 killed in 1795

Violence continued into 1797

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22
Q

Violent massacre of Jacobin prisoners in Lyons

A

May 1795

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23
Q

Verona Declaration

A

June 1795

Louis’ older brother proclaimed his intention to avenge Louis’ death

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24
Q

Republicans concluded a treaty with royalist rebels in the west

A

Treaty of La Jaunage (February 1795)

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25
Q

Peace concluded with the Chouans

A

April 1795

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26
Q

General Hoche defeated a rising in southern Brittany

A

July 1795 - 700 emigres executed

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27
Q

Proclamation of the Batavian republic

A

January 1795

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28
Q

Peace of Basel with Prussia

A

April 1795 - ceded west bank of the Rhine to France

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29
Q

Spain were forced to make peace with France

A

27 July 1795 - pre-war borders were established

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30
Q

New constitution drawn up and approved by NC

A

22 August 1795

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31
Q

New constitution and 2/3 law ratified by a vote of the primary assemblies

A

September 1795 (only just passed through - Directory barely have a mandate to rule)

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32
Q

New constitution came into force

A

November 1795 (the Directory was thus created)

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33
Q

Definition of a citizen

A

Anyone who is more than 21 years old and pays tax

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34
Q

System of government

A

Primary assemblies
Electoral assemblies (1 elector per 200 citizens)
Legislative Bodies (Councils of Ancients and 500)
Directory (executive)

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35
Q

Strengths of the Constitution

A

Reflected the desire for stability and moderation

Avoid power being vested in just one person

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36
Q

Weaknesses of the Constitution

A

Directors are randomly retired
One third of the Councils are replaced each year
No method of ending disputes between the Directory and the Councils
The Directors must share authority
Disappointing to some revolutionaries

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37
Q

Reaction to 2/3 Law

A

47/48 Paris Sections opposed this law
1/4 all French departments opposed it
(NC was widely disliked)

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38
Q

Royalist uprising at Dreux

A

October 1795

Opposition to Constitution

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39
Q

Pantheon Club founded

A

16 November 1795 (year after Jacobin Club was closed)

Swiftly gained 1000 members

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40
Q

Babeuf began to produce his radical Tribun du Peuple

A

17 November 1795 - 2000 copies sold within weeks

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41
Q

Babeuf ideas

A

Radical Jacobinism
Common ownership and equal distribution of property
Wanted 1793 constitution
Support rights of the poor

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42
Q

Directory closed 5 Jacobin clubs

A

February 1796

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43
Q

Directory purged Jacobin suspects from posts of authority

A

March 1796

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44
Q

Babeuf formed the ‘Directoire secret des Égaux’

A

29 March 1796
Conspiracy of Equals
Insurrectionary Committee

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45
Q

Advocacy of the Constitution of 1793 became a crime

A

16 April 1796

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46
Q

Babeuf and others were arrested

A 
10 May 1796 
128 arrests (over the next few days)
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47
Q

Hundreds of Jacobins marched to Grenelle to incite an armed rebellion against the Directory

A

9 September 1796

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48
Q

Clichy Club formed

A

1794, royalist club

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49
Q

Philanthropic Institute

A

Formal royalist group
In around 70 departments
Some funding from the British

50
Q

Louis XVIII made a declaration from Blankenburg

A

10 March 1797
Told the French people not to vote for Jacobinism
Not very persuasive/rousing

51
Q

Officials were told to ensure that the electoral assemblies were comprised of standard republicans

A

1797

52
Q

Only emigres whose names had been removed from the official list could vote

A

25 February 1797

53
Q

Members of the electoral assemblies had to swear that they would protect the Constitution of the Year III from monarchists and anarchists

A

March 1797

54
Q

Poor electoral turn out in the elections of 1797

A

Only 10% voter turnout in some departments

55
Q

New compositions of the Councils following March-April 1797 elections

A

Only 11 ex-Convention members were re-elected
182 royalists
228 with no political experiences
No Jacobins

56
Q

New addition to the Directory following the March-April 1797 elections

A

Councils elected Barthélemy as a Director (he was moderate/sympathetic to monarchists)

Carnot had become quite conservative in his views and also considered supporting the monarchists

57
Q

Triumvirs

A

Three Directors who were strongly republican - Barras, Reubell and La Revellière

58
Q

Directory forces led by one of Napoleon’s deputies (Augereau) and royalist forces clashed in the streets

A

August 1797

59
Q

Coup of Fructidor

A

3-4 September 1797
Triumvirs ordered the arrest of Carnot, Barthélemy, Pichegru
177 arrested overall
Closed down 42 newspapers
Annulled the spring elections in 49 departments

60
Q

Difference between left-wing threat before and after Fructidor

A

Jacobin revival after Fructidor was far more moderate (supported primarily by property owners)

61
Q

Constitutional Circles in Poitiers

A

Spring 1798 - 600 members of Constitutional Circles (Jacobin group meetings)

62
Q

Directory replaced the Jacobin police minister with a Thermidorian

A

13 February 1798

63
Q

Directory closed many Constitutional Circles and suppressed 11 newspapers

A

March 1798

64
Q

Elections of March-April 1798

A

Lots of Jacobins elected in Paris, large cities, SW
162 formed Convention members
Directory supporters were elected to only 43 departments

65
Q

Coup of Floréal

A

11 May 1798
30% of those elected were eliminated
8 departments had their results completely overturned

66
Q

Coup of 30 Prairial

A

18 June 1799
Sieyès and Barras decided to enforce the Councils request for Réveillèire-Lépeaux and de Douai to step down
Sieyès called on General Joubert (who was in charge of the army in Paris) to move his troops, which prompted them to resign

67
Q

Law of Hostages

A

July 1799 - allowed authorities to take action against political radicals

68
Q

Printing houses

A

October 1795 - printing 2000 million worth of paper (value of the assignat was essentially worthless)

69
Q

War rate

A

25 October 1795
Demanded paper contribution of 20 x value of assessed taxes
Meant to mop up surplus assignats
Not very successful

70
Q

Mandats introduced

A

February 1796

71
Q

Mandats were worthless

A

Mid-summer 1796

Were rapidly counterfeited

72
Q

Weights and measures were standardised

A

1795

73
Q

Declaration of bankruptcy

A

30 September 1797
2/3 state debt renounced
160 million livres of debt per year relieved

74
Q

Finance minister Ramel was able to balance the budget

A

October 1797 - peace with Austria (Campo Formio) and new taxes

75
Q

New financial agency created

A

12 November 1797 - durable financial reconstruction, direct taxes via directorial commissioners
Helped centralise the French fiscal apparatus

76
Q

More efficient tax collection system introduced

A

1798 - introduced new property taxes

77
Q

Annual interest of national debt

A

Fell from 240 million to 80 million

78
Q

Napoleon helped drive back the British from Toulon

A

August - December 1793

79
Q

Napoleon became brigadier-general

A

December 1793 (despite only being 24)

80
Q

Napoleon made commander in chief of the Army of Italy

A

March 1796

81
Q

Piedmont-Sardinia withdrew from the First Coalition

A

April 1796 (due to Napoleon’s success against them in the Montenotte Campaign)

82
Q

Armistice of Cherasco

A

Gave Savoy and Nice to France as well as supplies and free passage of French troops through Piedmont

83
Q

Battle of Lodi

A

May 1796 - success against Austrians allowed Napoleon to occupy Milan
Napoleon established two client states - Cispadane and Transpadane Republics

84
Q

Cisalpine Republic

A

Cispadane and Transpadane Republics were expanded and merged to form the Cisalpine Republic in June 1797
Capital was Milan

85
Q

Ligurian Republic

A

Formed around Genoa

June 1797

86
Q

Napoleon took Mantua

A 
February 1797 (had been besieging it for months)
Key to Venice which he later took
87
Q

Armistice at Leoben

A

April 1797

88
Q

Treaty of Campo Formio (date)

A

18 October 1797

89
Q

Treaty of Campo Formio (key terms)

A

Austrians accepted French rule in Austrian Netherlands (Belgium), Cisalpine and Ligurian Republics, French Rhine border, French possession of some Adriatic islands
French recognised Austrian control over Venetian Republic

90
Q

Napoleon was tasked with the invasion of Britain

A

October 1797

91
Q

Directory accepted Napoleon’s Egyptian plan instead

A

March 1798

92
Q

Napoleon set off for Egypt

A

May 1798

With 35,000 soldiers (Army of the Orient)

93
Q

Napoleon took Malta on his way to Egypt

A

June 1798

Expulsion of the Knights of St John from Malta angered Tsar Paul of Russia and caused him to join the Second Coalition

94
Q

Battle of Alexandria and Battle of the Pyramids

A 
July 1798 (soon after Napoleon’s arrival) 
Destroyed most of the Egyptian army
95
Q

Battle of Aboukir Bay/Battle of the Nile

A

1-3 August 1798
French fleet was utterly defeated by the British
3000 Frenchmen died
Encouraged Ottomans and HRE to join coalition against France

96
Q

Napoleon took Jaffa

A

March 1799

Shot 2000 prisoners

97
Q

Napoleon retreated from the siege of Acre and returned to Cairo

A

May 1799

Napoleon underestimated the enemy and the British, who sent men and guns to aid the Turks

98
Q

Russians on Austrian soil ready to fight the French

A

11,000 by end of 1798

99
Q

Coalition mounted attacks in Italy and Switzerland

Anglo-Russian invasion of the Netherlands began

A

1799

100
Q

France declare war on Austria and occupy Italy

A

March 1799

101
Q

Jourdan’s Law

A

5 September 1798 (original law proposed)
Further calls for conscription June 1799
Only 74,000 of the 230,000 drafted actually made it to the front line

102
Q

Napoleon left his army in Egypt

A

August 1799

103
Q

Napoleon arrived back in France

A

October 1799

104
Q

Example of forced march during the Italian campaign

A

General Augereau marched 80km in 36 hours

105
Q

First day of the Coup de Brumaire

A

18 Brumaire / 9 November 1799

Councils were persuaded to move to St Cloud under military guard

106
Q

Second day of the Coup de Brumaire

A

19 Brumaire / 10 November 1799
Eventually used troops to clear the Council of 500 which forced the Council of Ancients to agree to the formal abolishment of the Directory and a provisional government of 3 Consuls took over

107
Q

Napoleon did a year at the Ecole Militaire in Paris in…

A

1784

108
Q

Napoleon quotation on his ambition

A

‘My ambition is so intimately allied to my whole being that it cannot be separated from it’

109
Q

Napoleon quotation on his desire for glory

A

‘Glory is fleeting, but obscurity is forever’

110
Q

Percentage of the Army of Italy fit and ready for service upon Napoleon’s arrival

A

60%

111
Q

Battle of Arcola

A

November 1796
Reported to have rushed onto a bridge in the midst of fire to inspire his men (whereas in reality he actually fell off the bridge)

112
Q

Changes made to the army by Gribeauval

A

1760s, France developed lighter, more manoeuvrable cannon

113
Q

Changes made to the army by Guibert

A

Proposed flexible arrangements that could be lines or columns
Living off the land as well

114
Q

Principle of amalgame

A

From 1793 onwards

Old army merge with new recruits - bring order and team spirit, sharing of experience

115
Q

Fraction of soldiers at Marengo who had fought in previous revolutionary wars

A

1/4

116
Q

French forces in Germany crossed the Rhine

A

1797 - helped encourage the Austrians to come to peace terms

117
Q

Death of General Hoche

A

September 1797 - only other general to rival Napoleon

118
Q

Napoleon quotation on authority

A

‘I have tasted authority and I will not give it up’

119
Q

Hoche had failed to invade Ireland and destabilise England

A

December 1796

120
Q

Napoleon’s generals came from humble beginnings

A

Murat the son of an innkeeper
Ney the son of a barrel maker
Lannes the son of a stable-keeper

121
Q

Vindictive legislation following the coup of Fructidor

A

Former members of the second estate were declared foreigners - had to apply for naturalisation papers to regain the rights of citizens
Emigres had two weeks to leave France or be prosecuted by new military tribunals

122
Q

New military tribunals set up after the coup of Fructidor

A

Ordered 160 deaths

French Revolution (7 decks)

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