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Napoleon in Europe Flashcards

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1
Q

French victory over the Russians near Zurich

A

September 1799

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2
Q

Tsar decided to pull Russia out of the Second Coalition

A

November 1799

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3
Q

Napoleon attempted to make peace with Britain and Austria

A

Winter 1799-1800

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4
Q

Napoleon’s Second Italian Campaign

A

1800

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5
Q

Napoleon and his troops began to march over the Alps on the Great Saint-Bernard Pass

A

15 May 1800

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6
Q

Masséna surrendered Genoa to the Austrians

A

4 June 1800

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7
Q

Battle of Marengo (date)

A

14 June 1800

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8
Q

Battle of Marengo (events)

A
  1. Field Marshal Melas (leader of the Austrian troops in Italy) attacked Victor’s corps on the River Bormida
  2. The French had been forced to retreat over 5 miles during the day (Melas had double the number of troops)
  3. Desaix arrived, having heard the battle by chance and come back
  4. Napoleon then launched a counter-attack
  5. Austrians retreated across the Bormida
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9
Q

Battle of Marengo (casualties)

A 
French = 4500 
Austrians = 6500
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10
Q

Battle of Hohenlinden (date)

A

3 December 1800

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11
Q

Battle of Hohenlinden (events)

A
  1. Moreau ambushed the Austrians as they emerged from the Ebersburg Forest
  2. At the same time, Richepanse’s division enveloped the Austrian left flank
  3. Despite being outnumbered, the French were thus able to defeat the Austrians with an encircle and eliminate manoeuvre
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12
Q

Battle of Hohenlinden (casualties)

A 
French = 2,500 
Austrians = 4,500
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13
Q

Treaty of Lunéville (date)

A

9 February 1801 with Austria

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14
Q

Treaty of Lunéville (terms)

A

French gained control of Belgium and the area west of the Rhine
Austria accepted French satellites in Italy and the Netherlands

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15
Q

Treaty of Amiens (date)

A

25 March 1802 with Britain

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16
Q

Treaty of Amiens (terms)

A

Napoleon withdrew from Naples
Britain returned France’s colonies (except Ceylon and Trinidad)
British monarchy dropped ‘King of France’ from its title
Britain recognised the French Republic

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17
Q

Britain declared war on France (start of the Third Coalition)

A

16 May 1803

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18
Q

Austria and Russia had joined the Coalition with Britain against France by…

A

August 1805

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19
Q

Battle of Ulm (date)

A

16-19 October 1805

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20
Q

Battle of Ulm (events)

A
  1. Napoleon realised he had inadvertently missed a large Austrian army
  2. Napoleon used the Grande Armée in a massive encirclement manoeuvre, cutting off the Austrians from Russian forces (who were actually 100 miles away anyway)
  3. Archduke Ferdinand fled from Ulm with 6,000 troops
  4. Napoleon sent Murat and cavalry after them
  5. Napoleon began to bombard Ulm
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21
Q

General Mack was forced to surrender after Ulm

A

20 October 1805

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22
Q

General Mack failed again to persuade the Austrians to attack from the rear

A

12 October 1805 (before Ulm, when Napoleon was still unaware that he had missed the Austrian army)

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23
Q

Battle of Trafalgar (date)

A

21 October 1805

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24
Q

Battle of Trafalgar (events)

A
  1. Franco-Spanish fleet planned to escort barges of soldiers across the Channel to invade
  2. Lord Nelson realised the French plan
  3. British decimated the Franco-Spanish fleet
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25
Q

Battle of Trafalgar (casualties)

A 
Franco-Spanish = 22 ships 
British = 0 ships lost
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26
Q

Battle of Austerlitz (date)

A

2 December 1805

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27
Q

Battle of Austerlitz (events)

A
  1. Napoleon ordered Soult to evacuate Pratzen Heights in fake panic and disorder
  2. Met with a Russian envoy and presented the French as weak
  3. Lured the Russians/Austrians into occupying Pratzen Heights, exposing their rear to an attack from behind
  4. Russians/Austrians charge down from Pratzen towards Napoleon’s right flank
  5. Hidden French units charge back up the hill and attack the weak Russian/Austrian centre, eventually turning their attack towards the rear of the Russian forces
  6. The French force the Russians/Austrians into a frozen swamp where they are unable to defend themselves
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28
Q

Battle of Austerlitz (casualties)

A 
French = 1,500 
Russians = 15,000
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29
Q

Treaty of Pressburg (date)

A

26 December 1805

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30
Q

Treaty of Pressburg (terms)

A
  1. Austrians had to recognise French supremacy in northern Italy and cede Venetia, Dalmatia and Istria to Kingdom of Italy
  2. Austria agreed that the German states of Baden, Bavaria and Württemburg would be independent kingdoms
  3. Austria cedes further land to Bavaria (staunch French ally)
  4. Austria pay 40 million francs in reparations
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31
Q

Napoleon abolished HRE and created Confederation of the Rhine

A

July 1806 - ‘Rheinbund’

Murat is placed in charge in Dusseldorf (which had been the Grand Duchy of Berg)

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32
Q

Formation of the Fourth Coalition

A

October 1806

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33
Q

Battles of Jena-Auerstädt (date)

A

14 October 1806

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34
Q

Battle of Jena (events)

A
  1. Napoleon ordered Lannes to shift from the centre to aid Ney, weakening the French centre
  2. Napoleon deployed his Imperial Guard to hold French centre
  3. Napoleon ordered the army to break through the Prussian flanks and encircle the main Prussian army
  4. Many of the Prussian flanks fled and the army withdraw
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35
Q

Battle of Auerstädt (events)

A
  1. Napoleon misjudged where the Prussian army lay and thus gave his whole attention to Jena - bulk of the army was in fact at Auerstädt
  2. Davout broke the Prussian centre and cavalry, forced them back over the Lissbach Stream
  3. Davout’s single corps destroyed the Prussian army and prevented Brunswick joining the Russians
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36
Q

Battles of Jena-Auerstädt (casualties)

A 
French = 5,000 
Prussians = 11,000
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37
Q

Fall of Berlin to Napoleon

A

27 October 1806 - Prussian capital of Berlin was taken by the French in the aftermath of Jena-Auerstädt

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38
Q

Battle of Eylau (date)

A

7-8 February 1807

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39
Q

Battle of Eylau (events)

A
  1. Frontal attack against Russians led by Napoleon failed, with catastrophic losses (troops were blinded by a blizzard and artillery was launched against their own men)
  2. Cavalry charge (Murat) and flank attack (Davout) strengthened the French position
  3. Bennigsen’s army was in danger of collapse but was joined by 9,000 Prussians
  4. Davout forced to retreat
  5. Ney attacked Bennigsen
  6. Two sides disengaged and then Bennigsen retreated
  7. Technically a French victory but not decisive
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40
Q

Battle of Eylau (casualties)

A 
French = 25,000 
Russians = 20,000
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41
Q

Battle of Friedland (date)

A

14 June 1807

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42
Q

Battle of Friedland (events)

A
  1. Bennigsen attacked the isolated corps of Marshal Lannes
  2. Lannes only had 26,000 men so he forced Bennigsen to commit progressively more troops across the River Alle to defeat him
  3. By late afternoon, the French had amassed a force of 80,000 troops on the battlefield
  4. Relying on superior numbers, Napoleon ordered a massive assault against the Russians
  5. The main attack was delivered against the Russian left, which Napoleon saw at once to be cramped in the narrow tongue of land between the river Alle and the Posthenen mill-stream (many Russians died falling into the river)
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43
Q

Battle of Friedland (casualties)

A

Russia lost over 40% of its forces in that battle

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44
Q

Treaty of Tilsit with Russia (date)

A

7 July 1807

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45
Q

Treaty of Tilsit with Russia (terms)

A
  1. Russia agreed to recognised French domination over W and central Europe
  2. Russia agreed to join the continental blockade system against Britain
  3. Russian territory in Poland would become French (Grand Duchy of Warsaw)
  4. Napoleon recognised Eastern Europe as a Russian sphere of influence
  5. French agreed to aid Russia again Turkey, if the Turks didn’t agree to give Russia some of their land
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46
Q

Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia (date)

A

9 July 1807

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47
Q

Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia (terms)

A

Almost half of Prussia’s territory would become French (Kingdom of Westphalia)

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48
Q

Nelson bombarded Copenhagen which angered the Russians

A

February 1801

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49
Q

League of Armed Neutrality (Russia, Denmark, Sweden and Prussia) keptBritainout of the Baltic

A

1800-1801

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50
Q

Reorganisation of the Grande Armée

A

1805

Corps of 20,000-30,000 men (cavalry and infantry so self-sufficient)

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51
Q

Imperial Guard

A

1805

Napoleon’s personal elite army - could deploy them wherever necessary in a battle (as in Jena)

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52
Q

% of officers who had risen through the ranks

A

50% - meritocratic so better

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53
Q

Napoleon’s generals came from humble beginnings

A

Murat the son of an innkeeper
Ney the son of a barrel maker
Lannes the son of a stable-keeper
Meritocratic system meant that generals were actually good

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54
Q

Pays réunis (9 areas)

A 
Modern-day Belgium 
German lands west of the Rhine
Nice 
Savoy 
Piedmont (1802)
Ligurian Republic (1805)
Parts of modern-day Switzerland 
Holland (from 1810, had been a pay conquis since 1806)
Rome
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55
Q

Pays conquis (11 areas)

A

1805
- Kingdom of Italy

1806

  • Kingdom of Naples
  • Kingdom of Holland
  • Confederation of the Rhine
  • Grand Duchy of Berg

1807

  • Kingdom of Westphalia
  • Portugal
  • Grand Duchy of Warsaw

1808

  • Kingdom of Spain
  • Papal States annexed to Kingdom of Italy

1810
- Sweden

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56
Q

Increase in military expenditure

A

1807-1813, military expenditure almost doubled

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57
Q

Prussians had to pay following their defeat at Jena-Auerstädt

A

1806 - 311 million francs

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58
Q

From 1806 onwards, the Kingdom of Italy had to pay…

A

1.5 million francs to French treasury
Cash contributions to ship building
An extra 1.5 million for the Russia campaign

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59
Q

Population of the Kingdom of Italy fell by…

A

23,000 men (1809-14) - people moved to try to avoid conscription

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60
Q

Impact of the Continental Blockade on Italy

A

Destroyed silk industry
Froze trade in parts of Venice and Ancona
Boosted wool industry

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61
Q

Numbers of marshals/generals gifted with land in Poland

A

26 (before 1807)

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62
Q

Fraction of Poland’s income deprived by dotations

A

1/5

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63
Q

Piedmont was forced to export silk only to…

A

Lyons - Napoleon wanted to stimulate the silk industry there

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64
Q

Impact of the CB on Belgium

A

Textiles and manufacturing prospered, better access to imperial market now that there was no competition with cheaper British goods
Benefitted Belgian weavers and miners in theRhineland

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65
Q

Negative impact of CB on farming across the Empire

A

Good French harvest meant that satellite states could not sell their surplus anywhere as France already had enough and prices decreased rapidly due to overproduction

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66
Q

Napoleon’s views on France vs the Grand Empire

A

‘LA FRANCE AVANT TOUT’

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67
Q

L’Agglomération

A

Unification of people who share the same language, culture and traditions
Idea that Napoleon spoke about on St Helena

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68
Q

Men from across the Empire in the Russian Campaign

A

Men from Bavaria, Saxony and Württernberg and Baden

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69
Q

Bernadotte (King of Sweden) turned traitor

A

1812 - allied with the Tsar

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70
Q

Empire at its peak - number of departments and people

A

Over 130 departments

40 million people

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71
Q

Belgium and Luxembourg annexed

A

1795

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72
Q

Number of departments representing Belgium and Luxembourg

A

9 departments

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73
Q

Gendarmeries in pays réunis

A

Very effective

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74
Q

Murat in Naples

A

Ruled from 1808 until the fall of Napoleon

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75
Q

Murat employed Neapolitan ministers

A

E.g. Giuseppe Zurlo (Minister of the Interior)
They wielded more power than many of the French officials
Council of State was primarily comprised of Neapolitan bourgeoisie and nobles

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76
Q

Murat tried to get French officials to assume Neapolitan citizenship or be fired

A

1811

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77
Q

Kingdom of Westphalia

A

From 1807

Jerome = constitutional King

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78
Q

Melzi in Italy

A

Vice-president of Italy under Napoleon until Eugène de Beauharnais takes over as Viceroy in 1805

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79
Q

Melzi divided Italy into 12 departments

A

1802

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80
Q

French Civil Codes became law in Italy

A

1806

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81
Q

Joseph Bonaparte in Naples

A

1806 - 1808

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82
Q

Joseph’s administrative reforms in Naples

A

Split into 14 provinces

Mayors were elected by councils of local professionals

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83
Q

Napoleon annexed Holland to France

A

1810

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84
Q

Napoleon quotation on control over the Empire

A

Ordered Eugène (his step-son) who ruled Italy – ‘even if Milan is in flames, you must ask for orders to extinguish it’ (1805)

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85
Q

Napoleon dissolved the legislative body in Italy after it opposed a new tax and replaced it with a council of the state and later a senate

A

July 1805

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86
Q

Shocking parts of the Civil Codes

A

Civil marriage and divorce became legal (shocking to Catholics)
Division of inheritance introduced (partage)

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87
Q

Napoleon enforced the Civil Codes in Berg and Naples

A

1810 - even though rulers there believed them to be culturally inappropriate and asked for more time

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88
Q

Division of common land between landlords and towns in Naples

A

1 September 1806

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89
Q

Resistance to Napoleonic rule in Naples

A

Resistance in 1806
British arrived in Calabria
French were defeated at Maida
British encouraged widespread revolt which drove the French out of Calabria

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90
Q

French regain control in Naples after initial opposition

A

February 1808

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91
Q

Feudal system persisted in Naples

A

Feudal commission (established in 1807) was not very successful
Many disputes were outstanding over 100 years later
Landlords often won the battles for property and the peasants were left empty handed

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92
Q

Impact of CB on Strasbourg

A

Traders in wine and tobacco were benefitted due to absence of competition
1807-1810, Strasbourg handled 1/3 French exports

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93
Q

Impact of CB on Bordeaux

A

Badly affected - denied trade in textiles and silks with England
1808, wine trade collapsed
700 to no rope makers by 1811

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94
Q

Minister of Finance in Italy

A

Giuseppe Prina

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95
Q

Indirect taxes led to disturbances in Italy

A

1809, tax on milling flour led to disturbances

1813-14, attacks on consumption tax collectors

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96
Q

State revenue increase in Italy

A

x 2 (1802-1811)

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97
Q

Property survey erased differences between tax payers in Italy

A

1807

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98
Q

Reformation of the taxation system in Naples

A

August 1806 - reorganised a complicated tax system of 100 taxes into a single tax on income and property

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99
Q

Modern land assessment introduced in Naples

A

August 1809

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100
Q

Budget was brought back to balance in Naples

A

By 1813

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101
Q

Impact of CB on Naples

A

Agricultural sector suffered

Maritime trade = virtually paralysed

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102
Q

Number of men conscripted (1800-1812)

A

73,000 men a year (not very high)

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103
Q

Number of men conscripted (1812-14)

A

1.5 million (more than double before)

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104
Q

Revolt in Belgium at the introduction of Jourdan’s law

A

1798

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105
Q

Conscription introduced in Italy

A

August 1802

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106
Q

Size of the Italian army in 1812

A

70,000 men

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107
Q

Conscription introduced in Naples

A

1806 (difficult due to the Calabrian revolt)

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108
Q

% spent on military in Naples

A

1812, military expenditure = 70% of the budget

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109
Q

Conscription in the Rhineland

A

Almost 5% of the population called between 1802 and 1814

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110
Q

Draft dodging in Westphalia

A

1804, 25%

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111
Q

Number conscripted in Westphalia

A

1806, 600,000 from a population of 2 million

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112
Q

National breakdown of generals

A

70 Italians
32 Poles
20 Germans

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113
Q

Fraction of troops in Grande Armée that were foreign

A

1/4 in 1805

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114
Q

% arable land that changed hands into the Rhineland

A

12.5% (due to sale of religious properties)

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115
Q

% of land on sale in Jemappes (department in Belgium)

A

11% of cultivated land sold
1/4 by French bankers and army contractors
3/4 by local bourgeoisie

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116
Q

Number of monasteries sold in Naples

A

1300

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117
Q

Jews emancipated in…

A

Belgian deparments

Italy

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118
Q

Jews not emancipated in…

A

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

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119
Q

Concordat had little impact in…

A

Holland and Batavian Republic

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120
Q

Sale of property in Hainault (Belgium) - % breakdown of who got the land

A

57% went to bourgeoisie

10% peasants

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121
Q

Lycées established in…

A

Italy, Belgium and Berg

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122
Q

Universities established in…

A

Padua, Bologna and Pavia

But not in Dusseldorf (which had been promised)

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123
Q

Abolition of feudalism in GD of W

A

1807 (but ineffective - corvée and nobility remained)

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124
Q

Abolition of feudalism in Berg

A

1809 (but feudal burdens had to be redeemed)

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125
Q

Abolition of feudalism in Westphalia

A

1809 (but feudal system was so entrenched there this was mostly ineffective)

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126
Q

Abolition of feudalism in Naples

A

1806

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127
Q

Evidence that the feudal system was entrenched in Naples

A

80% of all feudal revenue had been collected by 600 families (highly concentrated and entrenched system which was very difficult for the French to reform)

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128
Q

Napoleon promised the Polish independence vaguely in return for…

A

98,000 men for his 1812 campaign against Russia

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129
Q

Britain had begun to blockade Europe

A

May 1805

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130
Q

Berlin Decrees

A

21 November 1806
Prohibits trade between Britain and Europe
Orders the seizure of goods from Britain and her colonies
Decrees also stated that English subjects were to be seized

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131
Q

British Orders in Council

A

January and November 1807

Ordered neutral ships to sail first to British ports and pay duties before continuing to the Continent

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132
Q

Milan Decrees

A

17 December 1807

Ordered the confiscation of ships that had stopped in British harbours

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133
Q

Russia, Prussia, Denmark and Spain joined CB

A

1807

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134
Q

Papal States and Illyrian Provinces joined CB

A

1809

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135
Q

Austria joined CB

A

1810

136
Q

Economic damage of the CB to Britain - 6 key points

A
  1. 1808-11, damages cotton, wool and metallurgy industries
  2. Piles of unsold textiles accumulated in British factories
  3. Social unrest – Luddites destroyed machines in the North
  4. Loss of essential naval supplies from the Baltic
  5. All silk workshops closed in London
  6. By 1811, British exports dropped again
137
Q

Orders in Council would lead Britain into a war with America in…

A

1812

138
Q

Smuggling - British goods enter Europe through…

A

Holland, Iberia and Malta

139
Q

British found new markets in South America (exports rose)

A

By £10 million! (1805-1809)

140
Q

Impact of CB on French linen industry

A

Output falls by 2/3 by 1815

141
Q

Decrease in French Grand Empire exports

A

By 126 million francs from 1806-1809

142
Q

Decrease in ships docking in Amsterdam

A

1806 over 1300 ships docking in Amsterdam, by 1809 barely 300

143
Q

Decrease in sugar refineries in Amsterdam

A

80 fell to 3 by 1813

144
Q

Napoleon sells licences to French merchants allowing them to trade with Britain

A

1809

145
Q

Saint Cloud decree spreads licence system

A

1810

146
Q

Trianon Tariffs

A

1810

Allowed British colonial products in France and the Empire (albeit with very high taxes)

147
Q

Fontainebleau Decree

A

1810, fails to combat smuggling

148
Q

Russia leaves CB

A

Ukaz of 31 December 1810 (decree)

149
Q

Napoleon speaks to Council of Merchants and Manufacturers

A

13 January 1812
Announced he would relax the blockade
Allow British colonial goods
Allow French goods to be exported to Britain
Taxes on everything which would raise more money for France

150
Q

Sold Louisiana to USA

A

1803

50 million francs in Us government bonds and gold

151
Q

% of French gov income that comes from direct taxes

A

29%

152
Q

Amount Napoleon collects through indirect taxes rose throughout his rule

A

x 4 (1806-12)

153
Q

Rising expenditure during Napoleon’s rule

A

1806, expenditure = 700m francs

1812-13 = 1,000m francs

154
Q

Cost of Ulm/Austerlitz

A

60m francs

155
Q

Cost of Peninsular War

A

70m francs per year

156
Q

Cost of Russia campaign

A

700m francs

157
Q

Rising taxes in Italy

A

Rose by 74% between 1802 and 1812

158
Q

Second Treaty of San Ildefonso

A

August 1796 - Spain and France agreed to become allies and fight against Britain

159
Q

Third Treaty of San Ildefonso

A

October 1800 - Spain gave France 6 ships and Spain agreed to trade their Louisiana territories for French territories in Tuscany

160
Q

War of the Oranges

A

May - June 1801

161
Q

Treaty of Madrid

A

1801
Portugal made territorial concessions to France in Northern Brazil
Portugal closed their ports to the British
Portugal paid an indemnity of 20 million francs

162
Q

What was the impact of the Treaty of Amiens on Spain?

A

Became neutral but had to pay France a monthly subsidy of 6 million livres to remain that way

163
Q

British invade Portugal

A

1806 (Napoleon does not help the Spanish against the British threat as they had anticipated)

164
Q

Spain joins the Continental Blockade

A

February 1807

165
Q

Treaty of Fontainebleau with Spain

A

27 October 1807

France and Spain agree to invade and partition Portugal

166
Q

France/Spain invade Portugal

A

19 November 1807

167
Q

Spanish/French forces had taken control in Lisbon by…

A

December 1807

168
Q

France invades Spain

A

16 February 1808

169
Q

Napoleon annexed Basque regions and Barcelona

A

March 1808

Made the Spanish people very angry

170
Q

Attempted coup by Ferdinand

A

17-19 March 1808

171
Q

Murat entered Madrid following Ferdinand’s coup

A

March 1808
With 40,000 soldiers
Forced Charles to abdicate and offer the throne to Joseph Bonaparte

172
Q

Dos de Mayo uprising

A

2 May 1808
Marked the beginning of the Spanish insurrection
150 French soldiers killed

173
Q

French response to Dos de Mayo

A

100s of Madrid citizens shot

174
Q

Spanish provinces of Asturias declared war on Napoleon

A

25 May 1808

175
Q

Battle of Bailen

A

July 1808
Spanish army were victorious
Forced the French to retreat and abandon much of Spain to the insurgents

176
Q

Number of French men who surrendered at the Battle of Bailen

A

22,000

177
Q

Joseph Bonaparte became King of Spain

A

August 1808

178
Q

Battle of Vimeiro

A

August 1808
Wellington aided the Portuguese and Spanish to win this battle
Gave the British a series of ports and bases from which to maintain pressure on the French

179
Q

Battle of Somosierra

A

November 1808
Napoleon placed himself in command in Spain following the failures of Bailen
French victory using Polish light cavalry
Allowed Napoleon to recapture Madrid

180
Q

Napoleon arrived in Madrid

A

December 1808

With 80,000 troops

181
Q

Battle of Corunna

A

January 1809
Short-lived French victory
Napoleon was then forced to leave Spain to deal with the Austrians

182
Q

Battle of Porto

A

February 1809
Soult’s invasion of Portugal
Initial success

183
Q

Wellington returned

A

April 1809
With 30,000 men
Began constructing Les Lignes des Torres Vedras

184
Q

Overall cost of Les Lignes des Torres Vedras

A

£100,000

185
Q

Battle of Talavera

A

July 1809
British victory
Undid the success of Corunna

186
Q

Second Battle of Porto

A

May 1809
Porto was taken back
French retreated into Spain

187
Q

Wellington finished Les Lignes des Torres Vedras

A

1810

188
Q

Number of casualties trying to dislodge the British from Lisbon under Massena

A

25,000

189
Q

Massena forced to retreat into Spain, failing to take Lisbon back due to Les Lignes des Torres Vedras

A

1811

190
Q

Battle of Albuera

A

May 1811

French defeated trying to break the British siege of Badajoz

191
Q

Number of guerrillas in 1812

A

11,000

192
Q

Leader of the guerrillas

A

Francisco Espoz y Mina

193
Q

Important cities blockaded by the Spanish guerrillas

A

Pamplona and Tudela

194
Q

Wellington captures French border fortresses

A

Ciudad Rodrigo - January 1812

Badajoz - April 1812

195
Q

Cadiz remained free in…

A

January 1812 (even though it had been besieged for the previous 3 years)

196
Q

Battle of Salamanca

A

22 July 1812
Defeat of Marmont
French were forced out of Southern Spain

197
Q

Battle of Vitoria

A

21 June 1813

British liberated Northern Spain

198
Q

Joseph Bonaparte fled Spain

A

June 1813

199
Q

Leaders in Paris surrendered to the Coalition forces

A

March 1814

200
Q

Battle of Toulouse

A

10 April 1814
Wellington forced the French back into France
Marked end of the Peninsular War

201
Q

Portugal and France sign a peace agreement

A

30 May 1814

202
Q

Number of notables who met with Joseph Bonaparte

A

91 out of 150

203
Q

Government in Spain

A

8 ministries and a Cortes

204
Q

Spanish middle class who supported Napoleon

A

Afrancesados

205
Q

Napoleon quotation on the cost of Spain

A

‘I cannot meet the enormous cost of Spain’ (in a letter in January 1810)

206
Q

Number of French troops in Spain

A

200,000

207
Q

Fraction of monasteries suppressed in Spain

A

2/3

208
Q

Austria decided to attack France again (Fifth Coalition)

A

February 1809

209
Q

Austrians invaded French Bavaria

A

April 1809

210
Q

Battle of Eckmühl (date)

A

21-22 April 1809

211
Q

Battle of Eckmühl (events)

A

Principal Austrian armies were defeated

Austrians were expelled from Bavaria

212
Q

Battle of Eckmühl (casualties)

A

Austrian ones = x 2 French ones

213
Q

Napoleon had entered Vienna by…

A

May 1809

214
Q

Battle of Aspern-Essling (date)

A

21-22 May 1809

215
Q

Battle of Aspern-Essling (events)

A

Austrian forces above the Danube still needed to be dealt with
French were forced to retreat - major defeat

216
Q

Battle of Aspern-Essling (casualties)

A

20,000 French died

217
Q

Battle of Wagram (date)

A

5-6 July 1809

218
Q

Battle of Wagram (events)

A

Eventual French victory but pyrrhic one

Austrian morale collapsed and they immediately sought peace

219
Q

Battle of Wagram (casualties)

A

300,000 men on the battlefield
34,000 Frenchmen
43,000 Austrians

220
Q

Treaty of Schönbrunn (date)

A

14 October 1809

221
Q

Treaty of Schönbrunn (terms)

A
  1. Austria lost 83,000 square kilometres of territory (left landlocked)
  2. Lost 1/6 population
  3. Russia gained land in East Galacia
  4. GD of W received land in West Galacia
  5. Paid 85 million francs
  6. Had to reduce its army to 150,000 men
  7. Joined CB
222
Q

Napoleon annexed Oldenburg

A

1810 in direct violation of the Treaty of Tilsit

223
Q

Erfurt Congress - Russian action there

A

1808 - refused to supply troops for the Grand Armée to fight Austria

224
Q

Tsar’s mother refuses to let Napoleon marry Tsar’s sister Catherine

A

1808

225
Q

Tsar refuses to let Napoleon marry Tsar’s other sister Anna

A

1809

226
Q

Napoleon made Bernadotte King of Sweden

A

1810 - right on Russia’s borders which increased tensions

227
Q

Napoleon invaded Russia

A

22 June 1812

228
Q

Napoleon invaded Russia with X men

A

650,000

229
Q

X men died before the Russian campaign had begun

A

60,000

230
Q

X horses died from eating unripe corn at the start of the Russia campaign

A

1,000

231
Q

By mid-August 1812 X men had died due to disease and lightning attacks by Cossacks

A

Almost 100,000 men

232
Q

Vilna

A

28 June 1812

Napoleon planned to stage one of his decisive battles but Russians fled the city and burnt its bridges

233
Q

Minsk

A

Napoleon attempted to command the offensive from over 125 miles away

234
Q

Vitebsk

A

Failure - Napoleon attempted a huge encircle manoeuvre but poor reconnaissance meant the Russian forces were elsewhere

235
Q

By Vitebsk, Napoleon’s front had stretched from X to Y

A

200 to 500 miles

236
Q

Smolensk

A

Plans to encircle the Russian armies as they meet, but Napoleon delayed the attack for a day and holds a review of the troops for his birthday and losing the initiative

237
Q

Number of men able to fight at Smolensk (on the way in)

A

Only 160,000

238
Q

Battle of Borodino

A

7 September 1812
Russians withdrew and French claimed victory
Russians had dug trenches which made them hard to dislodge

239
Q

Battle of Borodino (casualties)

A

28,000 French

40,000 Russians

240
Q

Napoleon’s troops entered Moscow

A

14 September 1812

241
Q

Fraction of Moscow that was destroyed by the retreating Russians

A

1/4

242
Q

Number of troops who had died by the time Napoleon reached Moscow

A

350,000 men (over half of the original force)

243
Q

Napoleon’s letter to the Tsar asking for peace negotiations

A

‘I have waged war on your majesty without animosity’

244
Q

Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow

A

19 October 1812

245
Q

Number of men left when Napoleon began to withdraw from Moscow

A

Only 180,000 men left

246
Q

Maloyaroslavets

A

Russians force the French back onto their original path - forced to march over the dead bodies of their comrades at Borodino

247
Q

Arrived back at Smolensk

A

Mid-November 1812

248
Q

Number of troops left when arrived back at Smolensk

A

Only 24,000

249
Q

Number of troops who returned to France from the Russia campaign

A

10,000

Only 1000 fit for military service

250
Q

Napoleon arrived back in Paris from the Russian campaign

A

18 December 1812

251
Q

Number of war horses lost during the Russian campaign

A

200,000 - significant as war horses are hard to train

252
Q

Number of generals lost at Borodino

A

47 generals

253
Q

Malet Conspiracy

A

22-23 October 1812
Former general Malet attempted to persuade key officials that Napoleon was dead and they needed to form a provisional government

254
Q

What did the Russian Campaign prompt regarding the Coalitions?

A

Made Prussia (and later Austria) end their forced alliances with France and form the Sixth Coalition with Britain and Russia against Napoleon

255
Q

Over 2/3 of the Prussian army had stopped following the orders of King Frederick William (who was still allied to Napoleon) by…

A

February 1813

256
Q

King Frederick William allied himself to Russia and declared war on France

A

March 1813

257
Q

Battles of Lützen and Bautzen

A

May 1813
Early French successes
Push the Russian/Prussians out of Saxony

258
Q

Number of conscripts Napoleon said he wanted to raise after the Russian campaign

A

900,000

259
Q

Peace at Dresden

A

26 June 1813

Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria met to discuss peace with Napoleon

260
Q

Peace terms offered at Dresden

A

French borders = banks of the Rhine (quite generous)

Buffer states between France and Russia = controlled by Austria and Prussia

261
Q

Treaties of Reichenbach

A

June 1813

Series of treaties between Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria

262
Q

Bavaria joined the allies (during Sixth Coalition)

A

8 October 1813

263
Q

Battle of Leipzig / Battle of the Nations (date)

A

16-19 October 1813

264
Q

Battle of Leipzig (events)

A

Allies had almost encircled the French before the battle had even begun
Napoleon miscalculated where the enemy would attack from so missed his opportunity to enact an offensive thrust
French retreated

265
Q

Consequences of French defeat at the Battle of Leipzig (8)

A
  1. Rheinbund collapsed
  2. Italy collapsed
  3. Jerome forced out of Westphalia
  4. Revolt in Holland
  5. GD of W occupied by Russia
  6. Napoleon forced back into France
  7. Napoleon conscripts 150,000 further troops
  8. Napoleon raises domestic taxes (Empire will no longer pay for the war)
266
Q

Corps Legislatif demand immediate peace

A

December 1813

267
Q

Six Days Campaign

A

February 1814

Four major victories against Blucher (the Prussians)

268
Q

Treaty of Chaumont

A

March 1814

Allied agreed to continue until Napoleon was totally destroyed

269
Q

Allied entered Paris and Napoleon was forced to agree to peace terms

A

30 March 1814

270
Q

Treaty of Fontainebleau

A

6 April 1814

Between Napoleon and the allies

271
Q

Terms of the Treaty of Fontainebleau

A

Napoleon was given Elba as his own kingdom
Allowed to keep the title of Emperor
Given an income of £200,000

272
Q

How did the First Restoration occur?

A

Provisional government of five men who deposed Napoleon invited Louis XVIII to take the throne as long as he accepted the Charter

273
Q

Constitutional Charter

A

Proclaimed 4 June 1814

74 articles drawn up by a committee of Louis’ advisors, Talleyrand and other Napoleonic ministers

274
Q

Articles of the Constitutional Charter (10)

A
  1. Outlined a bicameral legislative system – elected Chamber of Deputies and Chamber of Peers appointed by the King
  2. Proportional taxation
  3. Equality before the law
  4. System of meritocratic appointments
  5. Abolition of conscription
  6. Pardon for revolutionaries
  7. End of press censorship
  8. Freedom of religion
  9. Catholicism became the state religion again
  10. Owners of biens nationaux would keep their land
275
Q

Louis XVIII arrived in Paris

A

3 May 1814

276
Q

White Terror 2.0

A

Provoked by the Restoration

Extra-judicial violence against people who were suspected to have been involved in Napoleon’s government

277
Q

First Treaty of Paris

A

30 May 1814 - Allied presented it to Louis

278
Q

Terms of the First Treaty of Paris

A
  1. No army of occupation
  2. No war indemnity
  3. Borders restored to 1792 (still 500,000 more people than 1790)
  4. French were allowed to keep looted artwork
279
Q

Vienna Congress 1.0

A

Began in November 1814 to finalise the First Treaty of Paris
Ended in June 1815 to sign the treaty

280
Q

Key delegates at the Vienna Congress

A

France – Talleyrand (Foreign Minister)
Britain – Viscount Castlereagh
Austria – Klemens von Metternich
Russia – Tsar Alexander II and Count Nesselrode (Foreign Minister)
Prussia – Frederick-William III and Prince Karl von Hardenburg (Chancellor)

281
Q

Hundred Days

A

20 March - 22 June 1815

282
Q

Napoleon landed on the south coast of France (100 Days)

A

1 March 1815

With under 1000 men

283
Q

Rising against the Bourbons broke out in Lyons (100 Days)

A

9 March 1815

284
Q

News reached the Congress that Napoleon had landed in France

A

11 March 1815

285
Q

Napoleon had gained X number of supporters by the time the news had reached Vienna

A

12,000 supporters

286
Q

Major European powers declared Napoleon an outlaw and affirmed their support for Louis XVIII

A

13 March 1815

287
Q

Army stationed outside Paris defected to Napoleon

A

19 March 1815

288
Q

Plebiscite on Acte Additionel

A 
7 May 1815
22% turnout on this constitution 
1.3 million voted yes 
5000 voted against it 
Support was well below that of 1802 and 1804 Constitutions
289
Q

Other name for the Acte Additionel

A

La Benjamine

After the formely exiled liberal Benjamin Constant

290
Q

Acte Additionel - changes to legislature

A

Emperor and bicameral legislature have legislative power
Chamber of Peers = chosen by the Emperor
Chamber of Representatives = 629 elected representatives, chosen for five-year terms by electoral colleges in the departments, would have no control over ministers

291
Q

Acte Additionel - other changes

A
  • Freedom of the press, publicity of parliamentary debates and irremovability of judges
  • Universal male suffrage reintroduced
  • Bourbon monarchy, return of feudalism and annulment of the sale of biens nationaux were declared unconstitutional
292
Q

Number of men raised by Napoleon to fight the Seventh Coalition

A

300,000 (during 100 Days)

293
Q

Napoleon left Paris and joined the French army (during 100 Days)

A

12 June 1815

294
Q

Battle of Ligny

A

16 June 1815

French defeated the Prussians, who Napoleon (wrongly) believed had then fled

295
Q

Napoleon attack Wellington at Quatre Bras

A

16 June 1815

296
Q

Battle of Waterloo (date)

A

18 June 1815

297
Q

What did Napoleon say to Soult before the Battle of Waterloo?

A

‘This is going to be a picnic’

298
Q

Number of French at the start of the Battle of Waterloo

A

72,000 men

250 guns

299
Q

Number of Allies at the start of the Battle of Waterloo

A

68,000 men

157 guns

300
Q

Why did Napoleon hope that the Allies would be divided at Waterloo?

A

Disagreements and suspicions at the Vienna Congress over Russia’s desire for Poland and Prussia’s desire for Saxony and German-speaking Alsace Lorraine

301
Q

How did Grouchy undermine Napoleon’s effort at Waterloo?

A

Ignored Napoleon’s new order to join the battle at Waterloo which deprived Napoleon of 1/3 of his army

302
Q

Number of Prussians who joined the battle at Waterloo halfway through

A

81,000

303
Q

Napoleon’s major error during the Battle of Waterloo

A

Went to investigate the new troops that had arrived and gave command to Ney

304
Q

What did Ney do wrong during the Battle of Waterloo?

A

Believed Wellington’s centre was in retreat (which they weren’t) so moved over the crest of the hill straight into the fire of the British squares
Ordered two further failed cavalry charges

305
Q

What happened to the Imperial Guard during the Battle of Waterloo?

A

1200 were killed by Wellington’s troops who had been hidden in tall grain

306
Q

Napoleon abdicated

A

22 June 1815

307
Q

Why did Napoleon abdicate?

A

To avoid civil war
Encouraged by Ney and Soult
He knew he could not continue fighting

308
Q

How outnumbered were the French within a week of Waterloo?

A

6 to 1

Shows why Napoleon could not continue fighting

309
Q

Napoleon surrendered himself to the British navy

A

15 July 1815

310
Q

Napoleon died on St Helena

A

1821

311
Q

Louis XVIII pardoned everyone who served under the Emperor during the 100 Days

A

26 June 1815

312
Q

Vienna Congress 2.0

A

The Congress met again after Waterloo, realising the need for a more punitive treaty

313
Q

Second Treaty of Paris signed

A

November 1815

314
Q

Main terms of the Second Treaty of Paris regarding France

A
  1. French borders = 1790
  2. 700 million francs in reparations
  3. Had to pay for defensive fortifications in neighbouring countries
  4. Return looted artwork
  5. Army of occupation for 5 years/until reparations were paid off
315
Q

Quadruple Alliance

A

Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia agreed to work together to preserve European peace
Each country pledged 60,000 men to achieve this

316
Q

What was the cordon sanitaire?

A

Allies aimed to create a buffer zone around France

317
Q

How did the Allies construct the cordom sanitaire?

A
  1. Old fortresses along Luxembourg border were restored
  2. Prussia was made the protector of Germany
  3. Prussia gained land on the left bank of the Rhine in order to protect the Netherlands
  4. Baden and Bavaria were protected
  5. Genoa, Nice and most of Savoy were incorporated into the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
  6. Austria took control of Lombardy and Venetia (Italian states)
318
Q

Creation of the German Bund

A

HRE (360 states) was replaced by a lose union of 38 states

319
Q

German Bund included…

A

Austria, German Austria and the Kingdom of Bohemia

320
Q

Where was the government of the German Bund?

A

Central ‘diet’ (assembly) in Frankfurt under an Austrian president

321
Q

What land did Russia gain under the Second Treaty of Paris?

A

Most of Poland

322
Q

What land did Austria gain under the Second Treaty of Paris?

A

Galicia

323
Q

What land did Prussia gain under the Second Treaty of Paris?

A

Posen
Areas in the Rhineland and Pomerania
2/5 Saxony

324
Q

What did the Second Treaty of Paris decree regarding rivers?

A

Rivers like the Rhine which ran through several countries were declared open to all trade

325
Q

Belgium, Luxembourg and Holland were joined together to form…

A

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands

Under a Dutch King

326
Q

Who was placed in charge of the central Italian duchies?

A

Rulers related to the Austrian royal house of Hasburgs now controlled Parma, Modena and Tuscany

327
Q

Who was restored to control in Naples?

A

King Ferdinand I

328
Q

Who were the ‘ultras’?

A

Very strong royalist supporters in the Chamber of Deputies who made politics somewhat strained under Louis XVIII

329
Q

Which Napoleonic ministers did Louis XVIII rely on during 1815?

A

Fouché and Talleyrand

330
Q

Bonaparte Visiting the Victims of the Plague at Jaffa

A

Painted in 1804 by Antoine-Jean Gros

331
Q

Napoleon’s official court painter

A

Jacques Louis-David
Famous painting of Napoleon crossing the Alps on a warhorse (when in reality he had travelled on a mule at the back of the army)

332
Q

Madame de Staël’s book

A

De l’Allemagne (published 1813) - led to a rise in German nationalism

333
Q

Quotation from the Second Treaty of Paris on the reinstatement of the Constitutional Charter

A

Second Treaty of Paris declares it will annul ‘the revolutionary system’ of France ‘by restoring the operation of the Constitutional Charter, the order of things which had been happily re-established in France’

334
Q

Use of pre-revolutionary language in the Constitutional Charter

A

The Charter was presented as a gift from the King to his ‘subjects’ ‘by the grace of God’

335
Q

Napoleon signed the Acte Additionel

A

22 April 1815

French Revolution (7 decks)

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