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French Revolution > Constitutional Monarchy > Flashcards

Constitutional Monarchy Flashcards

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1
Q

August Decrees (date)

A

5-11 August 1789

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2
Q

August Decrees (terms) - 4 key ideas

A

END OF FEUDALISM
Tithes, venal offices, privileges abolished
Equal taxation
All citizens would be eligible for all offices

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3
Q

One thing that angered the peasants about the August Decrees

A

Had to pay compensation for the loss of feudal dues (however, this was never really enforced and was actually abolished in 1793 anyway)

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4
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (date)

A

26 August 1789

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5
Q

Article 1 of DRMC

A

All men are born free and equal

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6
Q

Article 2 of DRMC

A

Every man has the right to liberty, property, safety and resistance to oppression

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7
Q

Article 3 of DRMC

A

Sovereignty lies with the people

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8
Q

Article 17 of DRMC

A

Freedom to own property

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9
Q

Article 10 of DRMC

A

Freedom of religious belief

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10
Q

Article 13 of DRMC

A

Taxation = proportional to one’s means

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11
Q

Article 11 of DRMC

A

Freedom of speech

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12
Q

Article 6 of DRMC

A

Equality before the law

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13
Q

France was divided into administrative departments

A

83 departments, subdivided into 547 districts

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14
Q

Local government into Paris was divided into Sections

A

48 Sections

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15
Q

Active and Passive Citizens introduced

A

December 1789

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16
Q

Passive Citizens

A

Had the rights of the DRMC but could not vote as they did not pay sufficient tax

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17
Q

Active Citizen (level 1)

A

People who could vote - over 25 years and paid more than 3 days worth of labour in local taxes

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18
Q

Active Citizen (level 2)

A

Electors - paid over 10 days

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19
Q

Active Citizen (level 3)

A

NA deputies - paid a marc d’argent = 54 days

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20
Q

% of French who could now vote in some way

A

61% (compared to 4% in England)

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21
Q

Three new direct taxes introduced

A

January 1791

  1. contribution foncière - land tax with NO EXEMPTIONS
  2. contribution mobilière - tax on movable goods
  3. patente - tax on commercial profits
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22
Q

Free grain trade introduced

A

August 1789

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23
Q

Internal tariffs abolished

A

October 1790

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24
Q

Guilds abolished

A

1791

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25
Q

Le Chapelier Law

A

June 1791 - forbade trade unions

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26
Q

Number of Parisian workers

A

80,000

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27
Q

Committee for the Poor and Needy

A

Est. 1791 - recognised there were 2 million beggars but did nothing to help them

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28
Q

New legal system

A

Justice of Peace in each canton (act as a mediator or a judge in minor civil cases)
District Court - serious civil cases
Criminal Court in each department - trial in public with a jury
Court of Appeal - highest court

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29
Q

New Penal Code

A

Torture and mutilation abolished - punishments were made more humane
Number of capital crimes vastly reduced

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30
Q

LA approved use of the guillotine

A

March 1792

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31
Q

System of judicial appointments

A

Judges were elected by active citizens who had been lawyers for at least 5 years

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32
Q

Loyal Flanders regiment banquet at Versailles

A

1 October 1789

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33
Q

October Days

A

5-6 October 1789
Crowd of 6/7000 women stormed the Hotel de Ville demanding bread
Then marched 5km to Versailles
20,000 NG followed these women

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34
Q

Bread prices had risen

A

4 sous by the October Days

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35
Q

Impact of the October Days

A

Louis was forced to agree to providing Paris with bread
Louis was forced to accept the DRMC and August Decrees
Louis was forced to come to Paris (6 October)

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36
Q

Nationalisation of Church Land

A

2 November 1789

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37
Q

Sale of biens nationaux raised…

A

400 million livres

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38
Q

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (date)

A

12 July 1790

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39
Q

CCC - 4 main terms

A
  1. Each department would form a single diocese (number of dioceses thus reduced from 135 to 83)
  2. Bishops that had not been approved by the French state would not be recognised
  3. Priests and bishops would be elected
  4. Priests would be paid by the state
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40
Q

Reaction of the Church to the CCC

A 
Generally accepting (except the idea of elections) 
Asked the Pope for his advice (which took ages)
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41
Q

La Fête de la Fédération

A

14 July 1790 - celebrations, huge show of public unity throughout France

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42
Q

La Fête de la Fédération celebration in Paris

A

Champ de Mars - Bishop of Autun (Talleyrand) gave a mass with 300 priests
Louis and MA swore that they would uphold the Constitution

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43
Q

Delegates from Anjou and Brittany declared themselves…

A

‘citizens of one and the same community’ (ideas of fraternité and federations)

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44
Q

Oath of Loyalty

A

27 November 1790 - forced the clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the CCC

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45
Q

% of people who took oath of loyalty

A

55% of priests and 7 bishops

46
Q

Pope condemned CCC

A

March and April 1791

Many retracted their oaths

47
Q

Church in France became split

A

Juring Church - tied to the Revolution

Non-juring Church - still tied to Rome (also known as refractory priests)

48
Q

LA passes a decree against refractory priests

A

27 May 1792 - refractory priests could be deported if 20 people denounced them

49
Q

Louis’ explanation for the Flight to Varennes

A

‘Declaration to all Frenchmen’ - given to NA upon his return

  1. Scared for his and his family’s safety (October Days, Day of Daggers)
  2. Many others had already fled
50
Q

Flight to Varennes

A

20 June 1791 (two years after Tennis Court Oath)

51
Q

Day of Daggers

A

28 February 1791 - nobles with daggers tried to free Louis from the Tuileries

52
Q

Number of emigres

A

1791, 20,000 had fled to Austrian Netherlands or Holy Roman Empire

53
Q

Cordeliers petition for the King’s dismissal (march on NA)

A

24 June 1791

30,000 sans-culottes

54
Q

NA votes to suspend the King

A

16 July 1791

55
Q

King reinstated

A

When he signs the Constitution (14 September 1791)

56
Q

Jacobin club splits following FTV

A

Constitutional monarchists = Feuillants

Robespierre remained in charge of a smaller group of radicals (Jacobins/Montagnards)

57
Q

Champ de Mars Massacre

A

17 July 1791
50,000 san-culottes to sign a republican petition (which 6000 others had already signed) on the altar of the fatherland
NG fired on this peaceful, unarmed guard and killed 50

58
Q

Effect of the Champ de Mars

A

Commune declared martial law
Some popular leaders were arrested, others went into hiding (Danton and Marat)
Primacy of the Moderates - could now reach a compromise with the King without the threat of mob-violence (sans-culottes had been subdued for now)

59
Q

Constitution of 1791 - LA

A

14 September 1791
Replaced the NA with LA (745 deputies, elected every 2 years)
LA controlled foreign policy

60
Q

King’s power under the 1791 Constitution

A

King had a suspensive veto (up to 4 years but not on financial matters)
King was subject to the LA’s laws
Became ‘King of the French’ rather than ‘King of France and Navarre’ - important symbolic change
Appointed his own ministers and military commanders

61
Q

MA reaction to the constitution of 1791

A

‘so monstrous that it cannot survive for long’

62
Q

First meeting of the LA

A

1 October 1791

63
Q

Elections to the LA

A

29 August - 5 September 1791

Under 1/4 of active citizens voted

64
Q

Breakdown of the LA (745 deputies overall)

A 
264 constitutional monarchists 
345 independents (the Plain) 
136 Jacobins and Girondins
65
Q

LA laws on counter-revolution

A

9 November 1791 - emigres who did not return to France by 1792 would forfeit their property and be regarded as traitors
29 November 1791 - all non-juring priests were to be seen as suspects

66
Q

France declared war on Austria

A

20 April 1792

67
Q

Declaration of Pillnitz

A

27 August 1791 - stated Austria and Prussia were prepared to use force to restore Louis to his rightful throne

68
Q

Austria/Prussia alliance

A

7 February 1792

69
Q

Impact of Pillnitz

A

LA did not debate it

Mainly ignored in newspapers

70
Q

MA wrote to her brother (Leopold II) about war

A

September 1791 - ‘only armed forces can put things right’

71
Q

Louis replaced his ministers with more radical and pro-war ones

A

March 1792 - dismisses Feuillant ministers and replaced them with Girondin ones who support war

72
Q

Austrian Committee

A

Fears that MA’s advisors were controlling the countries’ policies and making counter-revolutionary plots - made people want war even more

73
Q

Brissot began campaigning for war

A

October 1791 (wanted to export the Revolution and test Louis’ loyalty)

74
Q

Number of LA deputies who voted against war

A

Only 7 out of 745

75
Q

Lafayette and Dumouriez

A

Military men who wanted to use a war to bring about the stability that the Revolution had not thus far
Wanted to get personal recognition as well

76
Q

Lafayette defects

A

17 August 1792

77
Q

Dumouriez defects

A

April 1793

78
Q

Cordeliers founded

A

April 1790

Supported measures favoured by the sans-culottes (right to insurrection, direct democracy, more radical change)

79
Q

Marat’s newspaper

A

L’Ami du Peuple

80
Q

Cordeliers = lots of sans-culottes petitions

A 
After FTV (24 June 1791, 30,000) 
Champ de Mars (17 July 1791)
81
Q

Number of Jacobins by July 1790

A

1200 members in Paris

152 affiliated clubs across France

82
Q

Jacobins lowered their entrance fees

A

October 1791 - meant that ordinary Parisians joined (influx of artisans and shopkeepers)

83
Q

Number of speeches made by Robespierre in the Jacobin Club

A

June 1791 - August 1792, around 100 speeches

84
Q

Robespierre made a speech in which he stated that now was the time to dismiss the King and abandon the Constitution of 1791

A

29 July 1792 (helped cause the 10 August journée)

85
Q

Manifesto left by Louis during FTV

A

Stated that he did not believe the NA was suitable to govern France - made people see Louis as a counter-revolutionary

86
Q

Louis vetoed LA’s new decrees

A

19 June 1792
Refused a camp for 20,000 federes
Refused to accept deportation of non-juring priests

87
Q

Louis dismissed his Girondin ministers

A

13 June 1792 - refused to reinstate them, even after the last peaceful journée on 20 June 1792

88
Q

20 June journée

A

Last peaceful journée

8000 poured into the Tuileries but the King refused to revoke his vetoes

89
Q

10 August journée

A

Storming of the Tuileries

Then went to the LA

90
Q

Storming of the Tuileries (10 August journée)

A

NG defending the King defected
300 Parisians were killed/wounded
Only 282 LA deputies were left (rest fled)

91
Q

Sugar price inflation

A

3 livres for a pound of sugar, people were demanding 25 sous

92
Q

Demands of the sans-culottes during the 10 August journée

A

Forced LA to recognise revolutionary Commune
Hand over the King (who was then imprisoned in the Temple)
Accept the election of a National Convention by universal male suffrage and a new constitution

93
Q

King was suspended by LA

A

10 August 1792 (as a result of the journée)

94
Q

Revolutionary Commune set up by the sans-culottes in the Hotel de Ville

A

9 August 1792 (day before the journée)

95
Q

NC meets for the first time

A

20 September 1792

96
Q

Monarchy abolished by NC and France is declared a republic

A

21 September 1792

97
Q

September Massacres

A

September 1792

Marat called on sans-culottes to kill counter-revolutionaries in the prisons

98
Q

Victims of the September Massacres

A

1100-1400 of the 2600 prisoners in Paris prisons

Only 1/4 of those killed were priests or nobles (most were common criminals)

99
Q

Impact of the September Massacres on tensions in the NC

A

Exacerbated Girondin hatred of the Jacobins/Cordeliers/sans-culottes (saw them as buveurs de sang)

100
Q

Enemy army was 60 miles from Paris at Verdun

A

August 1792

101
Q

Number of men in the army in 1791

A

150,000 men

102
Q

Impact of emigres/desertions on the army

A

French army had lost 6000 officers (as they fled as emigres)

103
Q

Instability and mutiny in the army

A

French troops invaded Austrian Netherlands but then retreated to Lille and killed their commanders

104
Q

Brunswick Manifesto

A

Drafted by Count Fersen (who helped FTV) and Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Prussian armies
Published in Paris on 1 August 1792
Stated that ‘exemplary violence’ would be inflicted on Paris if the royal family were harmed

105
Q

MA betrayal of France

A

Sent French military plans to the Austrians

106
Q

‘La patrie en danger’

A

11 July 1792

107
Q

Set up a camp for NGs

A

July 1792 - camp for 20,000 NG/federes at Soissons created

NG was also opened up to passive citizens in this month (making the militant power of the sans-culottes unavoidable)

108
Q

Pétion (Major of Paris) demanded the abolition of the monarchy

A

3 August 1792, on behalf of 47 of 48 Paris Sections

109
Q

LA declaration on 10 August 1792

A

‘The head of the executive authority is temporarily suspended from his duties’

110
Q

Number of federes in Paris

A

July 1792, 5000 - power pressure group calling for the King’s removal

111
Q

Number of federes helping in the Storming of the Tuileries/10 August journée

A

2000 federes

112
Q

Camille Desmoulins’ newspaper

A

Les Révolutions de France et de Brabant
November 1789-July 1791
Strongly attacked the monarchy

French Revolution (7 decks)

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