Key figures Flashcards
Marquis de Lafayette (3)
Leader of the liberal aristocrats at the EG (Fayettists)
Favoured constitutional monarchy
Commander of the NG in Paris
Philippe, duc d’Orléans (4)
Prince of the Blood and Louis’ cousin
Outspoken critic of the Ancien Regime
Elected to EG as a Second Estate deputy but joined NA
Voted for Louis’ death
Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau (5)
Elected to EG as a Third Estate deputy
Wrote against ‘royal despotism’ in his Le Courrier de Provenance newspaper (but this was shut down)
Favoured constitutional monarchy
Became a close adviser of the King in 1790
Died April 1791
Abbé Sieyès (6)
Clergyman but not a noble Qu’est ce que le tiers état? Elected to EG as a third estate deputy Proposed setting up the NA Not involved in the Terror Served under the Directory and played an instrumental role in the coup de Brumaire
Jean-Sylvain Bailly (5)
Third Estate deputy at the EG
First President of NA and presided over the TCO
First Major of Paris under the new Commune
Attacked by Desmoulins for being too conservative
Lost popularity after ordering the dispersal of the crowds at Champs de Mars
Guillotined for refusing to testify against MA (1793)
Camille Desmoulins (5)
Les Révolutions de France et de Brabant (November 1789-July 1791) - campaigned for the deposition of the king and the establishment of a republic (low cost so popular)
Worked with Danton in Cordelier and Jacobin clubs
Joined the Montagnards in NC in 1792
Le Vieux Cordelier (December 1793) - argued against the Terror and policies of dechristianisation
Guillotined with other Indulgents/Dantonists in 1794
Abbé Henri Gregoire (4)
Elected to EG as First Estate but was a reformer
First cleric to take the oath of loyalty (CCC)
Became a ‘constitutional bishop’ but refused to renounce Christianity at the Festival of Reason
Forced to resign upon the Concordat (1801)
Antoine Barnarve (4)
Radical in NA - President in October 1790
Helped found the Feuillants (broke away from the Jacobins) - opposed republicanism
‘Retired’ in September 1791
Tried and executed as a monarchist in 1793
marquis de Condorcet (4)
Wealthy moderate - member of the Society of 89
Leading Enlightenment philosopher
Elected to NC and supported the Girondin
Imprisoned in 1794 where he died mysteriously
Georges-Jacques Danton (9)
Joined NG in July 1789
Helped found Cordeliers club in 1790
LA deputy - Minister of Justice 1792
Spoke at Jacobin and Cordeliers clubs, advocating the overthrow of the monarchy
Encouraged September Massacres in 1792
Tried to mediate between Jacobins and Girondins in NC
Proposed the creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal
First President of CPS
Guillotined with other Indulgents/Dantonists in 1794
Jean-Paul Marat (4)
L’Ami du Peuple (September 1789-July 1793) - criticised moderate revolutionary leaders
Montagnard deputy in NC
Very popular amongst the sans-culottes - L’Ami du Peuple called for mob action to depose the King since FTV
Assassinated by Charlotte Corday (Girondin)
Jacques-René Hébert (5)
Political satires - ‘le Père Duchesne’ (January 1791-March 1794)
Member of Jacobin and Cordeliers clubs and the commune
Helped to plan sans-culottes insurrections
Height of influence during the first few months of Terror
Too radical (dechristianisation and redistribution of property) so executed in 1794
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (3)
Mayor of Paris (November 1791)
First President of NC (September 1792)
Supported the Girondin, with whom he was expelled from the NC during 31 May-2 June journée (1793)
Jacques-Pierre Brissot (3)
Major proponent of the war with Austria
Led the Girondin faction in LA
Fled when his arrest was decreed during 31 May-2 June journée (1793) but was executed in October 1793
Jean-Marie Roland (3)
Associated with the Girondin
Minister of the Interior x 2 before becoming a deputy in NC
Fled when his arrest was decreed during 31 May-2 June journée (1793) but committed suicide in November after hearing about his wife’s execution
Thomas Paine (4)
English political writer who had a major influence on the American Revolution
Lived in France during 1790s
On the committee which aimed to draw up a new republican constitution to replace that of 1791
Elected to NC and supported Girondin
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (2)
General in 1792
Defected in April 1793 - his behaviour helped to discredit the Girondin who he had previously sided with
Jacques Roux (4)
Former Catholic clergyman
Radical
Active in Paris Commune and sections where he tried to ensure that the poor received good food supply
Arrested in August 1793
Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite Carnot (3)
Deputy in LA and NC (Montagnard)
Prominent member of CPS - nicknamed ‘Organiser of Victory’ as he was in charge of military supplies
Became a Director and served Napoleon
Louis-Antoine-Léon Saint-Just (3)
NC (Montagnard)
Described as ‘the angel of the Terror’ - seen as an almost inhuman fanatic
Robespierre’s sidekick - arrested and executed with him
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (6)
Greatest victory at Fleurus (June 1794)
Less successful in campaigns East of the Rhine (1795-6)
Elected to C of 500 (1797)
Marshal by Napoleon (1804)
Dismissed after failure in Battle of Vitoria (June 1813)
Supported Louis XVIII in 1814
Lazare Hoche (6)
Led the invasion of the Austrian Netherlands (1792-3)
Leader of the army of the Moselle - seized Alsace in 1793 with Pichegru
Denounced to CPS by Pichegru and imprisoned until July 1794
Crushed counter-revolution in the Vendée (1794-6)
Commanded the Army of the Rhine (1797)
Helped Napoleon dispel royalists from Paris
Jean-Charles Pichegru (5)
Led Army of the Rhine (1793) and seized Alsace with Hoche
Army of the North (1794) - successful attacks on Austrian Netherlands with Jourdan
Army of the Rhine and Moselle (1795)
President of C of 500 (1797) but was deported to Guiana for treason in the coup of Fructidor
1804, part of the Cadoudal conspiracy
Georges-Auguste Couthon (3)
LA, NC and CPS
Introduced law of 22 Prairial (Great Terror)
Executed with Robespierre
Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne (4)
NC - strongly against Girondin
Close ties with the sans-culottes and Hébertists
September 1793 - allowed onto the CPS to please the sans-culottes
Helped to engineer Robespierre’s fall but was deported to Guiana by Thermidorians
Jean-Marie Collot d’Herbois (5)
NC - supported Hébert
September 1793 - allowed onto the CPS to please the sans-culottes
Sent with Fouché to pacify Lyons
Supported dechristianisation
Helped to engineer Robespierre’s fall but was deported to Guiana by Thermidorians
Jean-Baptiste Carrier (5)
NC deputy
Helped to set up the Rev Tribunal in March 1793
Rep on mission to Brittany from August
Rep on mission to Nantes from October (noyades - mass drownings)
Convicted of mass murder and guillotined in Thermidorian Reaction
Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette (2)
Worked with Hébert
Supported dechristianisation and roused the sans-culottes (agitator in Paris) in 1793
Antoine-Quentin Fouquier-Tinville (3)
Public prosecutor for the Rev Tribunal
Prosecuted more than 2400 counter-revolutionaries
Guillotined during the Thermidorian Reaction (1795)
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas (3)
NC and CPS (Montagnard)
Rep on mission to Army of the North and Army of the Rhine in 1793 - arresting generals for inability
Killed himself before he was guillotined with Robespierre and the others
Jean-Lambert Tallien (5)
Prominent Thermidorian Had been a Montagnard in NC and CGS member Crushed federal revolt in Bordeaux C of 500 member under Directory Accompanied Napoleon to Egypt
Joseph Fouché (6)
Prominent Thermidorian
Served in every government from 1792 to 1815
NC deputy
Rep on mission to Lyons with Collot d’Herbois - took responsibility for the mitraillades (mass shootings) in 1793
July 1799 - became Minister of Police under the Directory (crushed the reopened Jacobin club and hunted down newspaper writers on the left and right)
Minister of Police under Napoleon (1800-1810)
Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas, vicomte de Barras (6)
Prominent Thermidorian Nobleman who joined Jacobin club LA, NC and CPS Helped recapture Toulon Served as a rep on mission with Fréron Helped create Directory but fell from power during Napoleon’s coup
Louis-Marie-Stanislaus Fréron (5)
Prominent Thermidorian
NC member
Rep on mission to Provenance, Marseilles and Toulon in 1793-94 with Barras
L’Orateur du Peuple (his newspaper) became the mouthpiece for anti-Jacobinism, inciting the Muscadins
Instigated the arrest of Fouquier-Tinville, Carrier and other Montagnards
Louis, comte de Provence (4)
Became Louis XVIII
Lived in exile in Prussia, Russia and Britain during the Revolution
Verona Declaration 1795
Restored to the throne twice - 1814 and 1815
Louis, comte d’Artois (3)
Louis XVI’s youngest brother
Linked up with the Chouan rebels and supported a British invasion of Brittany
Led the ultras under the Restoration
Pierre-Roger Ducos (5)
Plain in NC
C of 500
Director after the coup of Prairial thanks to his friendship with Barras
Supported Napoleon and Sieyès’ coup and was named one of the original consuls (although he and Sieyés then turned the position down)
Abandoned Napoleon in 1814
François-Noël Babeuf (4)
Called himself Gracchus Babeuf
Le Tribun du Peuple (17 November 1795)
Socialist ideas which appealed to the working classes
May 1797 executed
Barthélemy-Catherine Joubert (3)
General in 1793
Held various commands in Holland, the Rhine and Italy
Helped Sieyès during the coup of 30 Prairial (1799)
Would have been called on by Sieyès to help in the coup had he not died at the Battle of Novi (15 August 1799)
Joachim Murat (9)
Cavalry soldier
Helped Napoleon at Vendémiaire
Served as Napoleon’s aide-de-camp in Italian and Egyptian campaigns
Fought at Marengo, Austerlitz, Jena and Eylau
Marshal in 1804
Grand Duke of Berg and Cléves
King of Naples 1808
Led the French retreat during Russian Campaign
Killed attempting to recover Naples in 1815
Louis-Antoine-Henry de Bourbon-Condé, duc d’Enghien (3)
Son of the prince of Condé, son of the sister of Phillipe Égalité
Served with the emigre armies but in 1801 retired to Baden
Seized and shot by Napoleon’s agents in 1804
Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël-Holstein (3)
Madame de Staël
Constant’s mistress and Necker’s daughter
Exiled between 1804 and 1814
Henri-Benjamin-Constant de Rebecque (3)
Appointed to the Tribunate in 1799 but forced to withdraw in 1802 because of his criticisms
Went into exile in 1803
Returned to help Napoleon during the 100 Days to write the Acte Additionel
Charles-Pierre-François Augereau (4)
Served in the revolutionary wars - rapidly promoted
Division commander under Napoleon in Italy who promoted him further
Helped enforce the coup of Fructidor
Supported restoration in 1814 but then went back to Napoleon in 100 Days and was then demoted by Louis XVIII
Anne-Jean-Marie-René Savary (3)
Personally supervised the kidnapping and execution of the duc d’Enghien in 1804
Minister of Police (1810-1814) under Napoleon after Fouché
Loyal during the 100 Days
Jean-Pierre Bachasson, comte de Montalivet (5)
Noble but pro-revolutionary
Served in the Army of Italy during the Terror
Prefect under Napoleon’s Consulate
Minister of the Interior in 1809
Oversaw large scale infrastructure projects - bridges and ports to support the Empire, Arc de Triomphe, fountains and sewage
Jean-Antoine Chaptal, comte de Chanteloup (4)
Minister of the Interior under Napoleon (1800-1804)
Instrumental in Napoleon’s economic reforms, particularly those to do with industry and agriculture - established Chambers of Commerce and Councils
Recalled to offer economic advice in 1811
Made Minister of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry during 100 Days
Frederick-William III of Prussia (4)
Came to the throne in 1797
Joined the coalition against France in 1806, lost at Jena and only retained his throne as the Tsar pleaded for him at Tilsit
Client king of the French until 1813 at which time Prussia headed the ‘war of liberation’
Present at Leipzig, occupation of Paris and Vienna Congress
Arthur Wellesley (4)
British commander
Peninsular War
Battle of Waterloo
Became Duke of Wellington in 1814
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (8)
Noble and clergyman - became Bishop of Autun and Archbishop of Reims
First estate deputy at EG but joined NA, supported CCC
Escaped to USA during Terror
2 years as Foreign Minister during Directory
Foreign Minister for Napoleon
1804 - Grand Chamberlain (ceremonial title)
1814 - persuaded the Senate to establish a provisional government of five men to declare Napoleon deposed when the allies reached Paris
Foreign Minister for Louis XVIII - represented France at the Vienna Congress
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh (4)
British statesman and Foreign Minister
Led the British delegation at Vienna
Favoured moderate liberal politics
Wanted to preserve a balance of power in Europe so as to bring peace and stability (which would be good for British trade)
Prince Klemens von Metternich (2)
Foreign Minister of Austria - presided over the Vienna Congress
Concerned with protecting monarchical government
