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French Revolution > Terror > Flashcards

Terror Flashcards

1
Q

Key differences between the Girondins and Montagnards

A 
Girondins vs Montagnards
Free market vs Control over wages and prices 
Federalism vs Strong central government 
WAR vs war
Provinces vs Paris/sans-culottes 
Spare the King vs Kill the King
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2
Q

Key Girondin members

A

Brissot and Roland

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3
Q

Key Montagnards

A

Robespierre, Danton, Marat, Couthon, Saint-Just

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4
Q

Reasons for the execution of the King

A
  1. Montagnards wanted it
  2. Fear of counter-revolution (armoire de fer)
  3. Louis’ mistakes
  4. Threat of war
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5
Q

Robespierre’s thoughts on whether Louis should be executed

A

‘Louis must die because the country must live’ (4 December 1792 speech)

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6
Q

Marat proposed ‘appel nominale’

A

Everyone had to publicly say how they would like to vote on the King’s punishment

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7
Q

Louis’ indictment

A

11 December 1792 - charged with ‘having committed various crimes to re-establish tyranny on the ruins of liberty’

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8
Q

Saint-Just on the reason for Louis’ execution

A

Louis was ‘a menace to the revolution’

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9
Q

Armoire de Fer

A

20 November 1792 - incriminating correspondence between Louis and the Austrian royal family found

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10
Q

Girondin call for a referendum was dimissed

A

27 December 1792 (French people would have been much more moderate than NC)

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11
Q

Voting on Louis’ fate

A

Overnight sitting of NC - 16-17 January 1793

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12
Q

Voting breakdown on Louis’ fate

A

361 death without conditions
46 death with conditions (after the war)
286 detention and banishment/solitary confinement

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13
Q

Louis’ execution

A

21 January 1793

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14
Q

Louis’ last words

A

‘I forgive those who are guilty of my death’

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15
Q

Battle of Valmy

A

20 September 1792 - against Prussia
First major battle won by the French
Prevented Paris from being taken

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16
Q

Brussels was under French control by…

A

10 November 1792

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17
Q

Decree of Fraternity

A

19 November 1792 - new war aims

‘to extend fraternal feelings and aid to all peoples who may wish to regain their liberty’

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18
Q

Austrian Netherlands was under French control by…

A

December 1792

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19
Q

France announced annexations (claiming land up to France’s natural borders - Rhine, Alps and Pyrenees)

A

January 1793

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20
Q

France declared war on Britain and Holland

A

1 February 1793

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21
Q

France declared war on Spain

A

March 1793

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22
Q

Second levée en masse = total war

A

23 August 1793

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23
Q

French forced the British to withdraw from Dunkirk

A

6-8 September 1793

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24
Q

Military strategy amalgam introduced

A

21 February 1794

Organised and simplified the army

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25
Q

Rise of arms and munitions factories

A

August 1793 - July 1794, 30 arms and munitions factories established

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26
Q

Battle of Fleurus

A

26 June 1794

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27
Q

Number of equipped and trained soldiers by September 1794

A

700,000 compared to 150,000 in 1791

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28
Q

Revolutionary Tribunal set up

A

10 March 1793 - to try counter-revolutionary suspects

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29
Q

Summary Execution Decree

A

19 March 1793 - trial and execution of armed rebels within 24 hours of capture

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30
Q

CPS established

A

6 April 1793

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31
Q

Maximum price fixed for grain

A

4 May 1793

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32
Q

Compulsory loan imposed on the wealthy

A

Late May 1793

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33
Q

Robespierre was elected onto CPS

A

27 July 1793

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34
Q

Number of men under arms in February 1793

A

Only 23,000 (men had returned home thinking the war was over after the successes of 1792)

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35
Q

Dumouriez defeated at Neerwinden by Austrians

A

March 1793

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36
Q

Dumouriez defected

A

April 1793

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37
Q

City of Mainz was captured by the Prussians after a 9-day long siege

A

23 July 1793, 1/3 garrison there was killed

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38
Q

Rebels in Toulon allowed the British to invade

A

27 August 1793

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39
Q

Value of the assignat by 1793

A

51% of its original value

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40
Q

Inflation facts in February 1793

A

Wages had gone up by 80% but bread prices had gone up by 90%

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41
Q

Parisian women called for a maximum price

A

12 February 1793

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42
Q

Attacks on grocery shops across Paris - women fixed prices and sold goods at those prices

A

25 February 1793

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43
Q

Impact of the war on the economy

A

Bulk purchasing for the army had disrupted supplies of basic commodities - shortages and inflation
Blockades on sea imports - fewer products available

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44
Q

First levée en masse

A

24 February 1793 (needed to raise 300,000 troops)

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45
Q

Armed insurrection broke out in the Vendée

A

11 March 1793

Formed their own Catholic and royalist army

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46
Q

Troops had to be withdrawn from the war to quash the Vendée rebellion

A

May 1793

30,000 troops

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47
Q

Control re-established in the Vendée by…

A

End of 1793

8700 people condemned by Revolutionary Courts

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48
Q

Troops moving through the countryside in the Vendée

A

Early months of 1794 - burning farms, shooting peasants, raping women

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49
Q

First significant city to revolt during the 1793 Federal Revolt

A

Marseilles

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50
Q

Lyons revolted

A

30 May 1793

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51
Q

Control re-established in Lyons

A

9 October 1793 (after 3 week siege)

52
Q

Revolt in Toulon ended

A

December 1793

53
Q

Number of departments which experienced disturbances

A

60 out of 83, with serious resistance in 8

54
Q

CPS ordered the destruction of Lyons

A

12 October 1793

Collot d’Herbois went as a rep on mission (replacing Couthon who hadn’t been ruthless enough)

55
Q

Number killed in Nantes

A

1800 drowned

56
Q

Number killed in Toulon

A

800 shot without trial, 282 sent to guillotine

57
Q

Number killed in Lyons

58
Q

Purging of the Girondin

A

31 May - 2 June 1793

59
Q

Robespierre encouraged the sans-culottes…

A

‘to place themselves in insurrection against the corrupt ministers’ (i.e. the Girondins) - 26 May 1793

60
Q

Number of Girondin arrested

A

29 Girondins and 2 other ministers

61
Q

Law of Suspects

A

17 September 1793

  1. New categories of anti-revolutionary crimes
  2. Suspected counter-revolutionaries could be arrested and held without trial
  3. Some power was delegated to revolutionary committees across France - mass arrests of suspects
62
Q

Law of 14 Frimaire

A

4 December 1793 - centralised power
CGS = police and internal security, Rev Tribunal and surveillance committees
CPS = controlled foreign policy, reps on mission, could purge government

63
Q

Events of the Purging of the Girondin

A

2 June 1793 - between 75 and 100,000 NG surrounded the NC with cannons
Demanded the arrests of 30 deputies and a maximum price on essential goods

64
Q

General maximum imposed (to placate sans-culottes)

A

29 September 1793

65
Q

Value of the assignat (as a result of the general maximum)

A 
August = 22% of original value 
December = 48%
66
Q

Constitution of 1793 presented

A

24 June 1793

  1. Universal male suffrage with direct elections
  2. Right to insurrection
  3. Right to education
  4. Right to work
67
Q

Demonstrations of the sans-culottes outside the Hotel de Ville (roused by Jacques Roux)

A

4 September 1793 - demanded higher wages and food

68
Q

‘Terror is the order of the day’

A

5 September 1793 - proclaimed by Barère (sans-culottes invade the NC and force this)

69
Q

Collot d’Herbois was elected to the CPS

A

September 1793, after Terror was proclaimed - a leader of the sans-culottes and someone who would be willing to enact the Terror

70
Q

Armée révolutionnaire

A

Sans-culottes army authorised by NC following 5 September journée
Aimed to requisition grain for Paris and resources for the war effort

71
Q

Robespierre stated that he was being prevented from achieving a Republic of Virtue by the extent of opposition

A

18 November 1793

72
Q

Robespierre quotation on Republic of Virtue

A

‘The spirit of the Republic is virtue’

73
Q

Robespierre promised punishment for counter-revolutionaries

A

25 September 1793 - speech to NC

‘Those who accuse us are themselves accused’

74
Q

Saint-Just on those who deserve to be punished

A

10 August 1793 - argued that counter-revolutionaries and those who don’t actively show support for the Revolution should be punished
‘The Republic consists in the extermination of all who oppose it’

75
Q

CPs recommended that the Constitution be suspended in order to maintain revolutionary government until there is peace

A

October 1793

76
Q

Revolutionary calendar introduced

A

October 1793 (Fabré d’Églantine)

77
Q

Number of official executions during the Terror

78
Q

Percentage breakdown of victims by area

A

53% Vendée

20% rebellious departments in SE

79
Q

Percentage breakdown of victims by class

A

28% peasants
31% urban workers
8% nobility

80
Q

Most churches in France had been closed by…

A

Spring 1794

81
Q

French defeated the British at Hondschoote

A

September 1793

82
Q

French defeated the Austrians at Wattignies

A

October 1793

83
Q

NC declare sectional assemblies can only meet twice a week

A

September 1793 (attempt to regain control from the sans-culottes)

84
Q

Execution of the Hébertists (too radical)

A

24 March 1794

Hébert and 18 supporters

85
Q

Execution of the Indulgents (not radical enough)

A

5 April 1794

Danton and Desmoulins

86
Q

Desmoulins and Hébert’s wives were killed

A

April 1794 (shows how the revolution was now killing indiscriminately/without true purpose)

87
Q

Great Terror

A

10 June - 27 July 1794
1594 executed
Around 30 beheadings a day

88
Q

Law of 22 Prairial

A

10 June 1794
Designed to speed up the work of the Rev tribunal (no defence or witnesses)
Death or acquittal = only possible verdicts

89
Q

Provincial revolutionary tribunals abolished

A

May 1794 (all suspects brought to Paris)

90
Q

Victims of Grand Terror

A

35% nobles
25% clergy
40% bourgeoisie

91
Q

Radicalisation of Rev Tribunal’s work

A

More people were condemned to death in Paris by the Rev Tribunal between June and July 1794 than in the 14 months prior

92
Q

Commune published wage rates which would mean wage cuts for urban workers

A

23 July 1794 - wage controls suddenly became enforced

Sans-culottes felt betrayed - led to starvation and suicide

93
Q

Brussels was occupied by…

94
Q

Robespierre made a speech to NC in which he stated the need for a moral revolution

A

7 May 1794

95
Q

Festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being

A

8 June 1794

96
Q

Reactions to the Festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being

A

Saw this as a tyrannical attempt to make himself into a deity
‘It is not enough for him to be in charge, he has to be God’ (NC deputy, Thuriot)

97
Q

Robespierre’s month of absence (CPS and NC)

98
Q

Robespierre’s speech - denied being a dictator and vaguely accused leaders of the revolution of being traitors

A

8 Thermidor / 26 July 1794

99
Q

Robespierre arrested

A

9 Thermidor / 27 July 1794

100
Q

Other arrested with Robespierre

A

Saint-Just, Couthon, Le Bas and Augustin Robespierre

101
Q

Robespierre executed

A

10 Thermidor / 28 July 1794

Alongside 21 others

102
Q

Report in a newspaper the following day

A

‘The tyrant is no more’

103
Q

Ventôse Decrees

A

26 February and 3 March 1794

Called for the confiscation of émigrés land and its redistribution amongst the people

104
Q

Death of Marat

A

13 July 1793

105
Q

Who proposed the Law of 22 Prairial?

A

Couthon, following an attempted assassination of Collot d’Herbois

106
Q

Who proposed the Ventôse Decrees?

A

Saint-Just

107
Q

Chouan uprising

A

March 1793 - after the rebellion in the Vendée

108
Q

NC bowed to popular pressure from Roux…

A

By passing a law that imposed the death penalty for hoarding food and other supplies in July 1793

109
Q

Increase in cases heard by the Revolutionary Tribunal following the Law of Suspects

A

March-September 1793 - 260 cases

September-December 1793 - 500,000 cases

110
Q

CPS was given the power to appoint deputies to other committees

A

14 September 1793

111
Q

Who was the representative on mission in the Vendée rebellion?

112
Q

How many departments did the rebellion in the Vendée include?

A

4 departments

113
Q

Why did the federal revolts break out?

A

Anger at the overthrow of the Girondin (31 May-2 June 1793)

114
Q

Who led the suppression of the revolt in Toulon?

A

Barras and Fréron

115
Q

Armée Révolutionnaire created

A

9 September 1793

116
Q

Show trials

A

October 1793 - led to the execution of 29 expelled Girondin and Marie Antoinette

117
Q

How many priests were forced to renounce their positions as part of dechristianisation

A

20,000 priests

118
Q

Name for the economic reforms during this period

A

Economic Terror

119
Q

Who proposed the creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal?

120
Q

How did Danton justify the Revolutionary Tribunal?

A

‘Let us be terrible to prevent the people from being terrible themselves’

121
Q

What event had caused Danton to propose the Revolutionary Tribunal?

A

The September Massacres - he argued that the tribunal would prevent a repeat of this mob violence

122
Q

Who were the enragés?

A

Dominant radical movement in Paris in 1793 - advocated social and economic measures in favour of the lower classes

123
Q

Who were the leaders of the enragés?

A

Jacques Roux and Varlet

124
Q

How did the power of the enragés end?

A

Arrested in September 1793 by the CPS

125
Q

Who replaced the enragés as the dominant popular group in Paris after they were arrested?

A

Hébertists

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