Terror Flashcards
Key differences between the Girondins and Montagnards
Girondins vs Montagnards Free market vs Control over wages and prices Federalism vs Strong central government WAR vs war Provinces vs Paris/sans-culottes Spare the King vs Kill the King
Key Girondin members
Brissot and Roland
Key Montagnards
Robespierre, Danton, Marat, Couthon, Saint-Just
Reasons for the execution of the King
- Montagnards wanted it
- Fear of counter-revolution (armoire de fer)
- Louis’ mistakes
- Threat of war
Robespierre’s thoughts on whether Louis should be executed
‘Louis must die because the country must live’ (4 December 1792 speech)
Marat proposed ‘appel nominale’
Everyone had to publicly say how they would like to vote on the King’s punishment
Louis’ indictment
11 December 1792 - charged with ‘having committed various crimes to re-establish tyranny on the ruins of liberty’
Saint-Just on the reason for Louis’ execution
Louis was ‘a menace to the revolution’
Armoire de Fer
20 November 1792 - incriminating correspondence between Louis and the Austrian royal family found
Girondin call for a referendum was dimissed
27 December 1792 (French people would have been much more moderate than NC)
Voting on Louis’ fate
Overnight sitting of NC - 16-17 January 1793
Voting breakdown on Louis’ fate
361 death without conditions
46 death with conditions (after the war)
286 detention and banishment/solitary confinement
Louis’ execution
21 January 1793
Louis’ last words
‘I forgive those who are guilty of my death’
Battle of Valmy
20 September 1792 - against Prussia
First major battle won by the French
Prevented Paris from being taken
Brussels was under French control by…
10 November 1792
Decree of Fraternity
19 November 1792 - new war aims
‘to extend fraternal feelings and aid to all peoples who may wish to regain their liberty’
Austrian Netherlands was under French control by…
December 1792
France announced annexations (claiming land up to France’s natural borders - Rhine, Alps and Pyrenees)
January 1793
France declared war on Britain and Holland
1 February 1793
France declared war on Spain
March 1793
Second levée en masse = total war
23 August 1793
French forced the British to withdraw from Dunkirk
6-8 September 1793
Military strategy amalgam introduced
21 February 1794
Organised and simplified the army
Rise of arms and munitions factories
August 1793 - July 1794, 30 arms and munitions factories established
Battle of Fleurus
26 June 1794
Number of equipped and trained soldiers by September 1794
700,000 compared to 150,000 in 1791
Revolutionary Tribunal set up
10 March 1793 - to try counter-revolutionary suspects
Summary Execution Decree
19 March 1793 - trial and execution of armed rebels within 24 hours of capture
CPS established
6 April 1793
Maximum price fixed for grain
4 May 1793
Compulsory loan imposed on the wealthy
Late May 1793
Robespierre was elected onto CPS
27 July 1793
Number of men under arms in February 1793
Only 23,000 (men had returned home thinking the war was over after the successes of 1792)
Dumouriez defeated at Neerwinden by Austrians
March 1793
Dumouriez defected
April 1793
City of Mainz was captured by the Prussians after a 9-day long siege
23 July 1793, 1/3 garrison there was killed
Rebels in Toulon allowed the British to invade
27 August 1793
Value of the assignat by 1793
51% of its original value
Inflation facts in February 1793
Wages had gone up by 80% but bread prices had gone up by 90%
Parisian women called for a maximum price
12 February 1793
Attacks on grocery shops across Paris - women fixed prices and sold goods at those prices
25 February 1793
Impact of the war on the economy
Bulk purchasing for the army had disrupted supplies of basic commodities - shortages and inflation
Blockades on sea imports - fewer products available
First levée en masse
24 February 1793 (needed to raise 300,000 troops)
Armed insurrection broke out in the Vendée
11 March 1793
Formed their own Catholic and royalist army
Troops had to be withdrawn from the war to quash the Vendée rebellion
May 1793
30,000 troops
Control re-established in the Vendée by…
End of 1793
8700 people condemned by Revolutionary Courts
Troops moving through the countryside in the Vendée
Early months of 1794 - burning farms, shooting peasants, raping women
First significant city to revolt during the 1793 Federal Revolt
Marseilles
Lyons revolted
30 May 1793