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Foundations Of Biology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

A

To chemically and mechanically break down food and absorb products.

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2
Q

Which eight structures make up the alimentary canal?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
  7. Rectum
  8. Anus
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3
Q

What are the four structures which are accessory organs for the alimentary canal?

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Liver
  3. Gallbladder
  4. Pancreas
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4
Q

What four layers make up the wall of the alimentary canal?

A
  1. Mucous membrane
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular layer
  4. Serosa
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5
Q

What are the two main movements of the tube?

A

Mixing movements (to combine food and digestive juices) and propelling movements (to push food down the alimentary canal).

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6
Q

What is the mouth made up of?

A

Cheeks, lips, palate, tongue and teeth.

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7
Q

What are the two primary features of the mouth?

A

To receive food and break down food particles using the teeth

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8
Q

What are the primary functions of the salivary glands?

A

To secrete saliva (which begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates). Saliva also helps to moisten and bind food particles together.

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9
Q

Salivary glands have two types of secretory glands- what are these called and what are their functions?

A
  1. Serous cells - produce salivary fluid containing amylase to digest carbohydrate
  2. Mucous cells - produce mucous to bind food and act as a lubricant
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10
Q

What are the names of the three major salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

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11
Q

What is the primary role of the pharynx and oesophagus?

A

The pharynx and oesophagus are not actively involved in the digestion process but are important passageways within the alimentary canal.

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12
Q

What are the three structural elements of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, larangopharynx.

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13
Q

Describe the three stages of swallowing mechanism.

A
  1. Food is chewed and mixed with saliva. This combination is called a bolus. Here it is forced into the oropharynx.
  2. Involuntary swallowing reflexes move food from the oropharynx into the oesophagus.
  3. Peristalsis (the propelling movement) moves food into the stomach to begin digestion
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14
Q

What is the role of the lower oesophageal sphincter?

A

To close the entrance of the stomach preventing stomach contents from reentering the oesophagus.

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15
Q

What are the four primary roles of the stomach?

A
  1. Receives food from the oesophagus
  2. Mixes food with gastric stomach juices
  3. Absorbs some elements of food
  4. Moves food forward into the small intestine
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16
Q

What is the most important digestive enzyme contained within gastric juice? How is it formed?

A

Pepsin. Formed when the inactive enzyme pepsinogen combines with hydrochloric acid.

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17
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

To begin the process of protein digestion.

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18
Q

What four parts is the stomach made up of?

A

The cardia, fundus, stomach body and pylorus.

19
Q

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

The pyloric sphincter is a valve between the stomach and the small intestine. It opens to allow food to pass into the small intestine from the stomach and closes to prevent food in the small intestine from coming back up into the stomach.

20
Q

What regulates gastric juice secretion in the stomach?

A

Parasympathetic impulses within the nervous system and the active hormone gastric effect the rate of gastric juice secretion. When food reaches the small intestine gastric juice secretion is inhibited.

21
Q

What is chyme and where is it produced?

A

Chyme is produced in the stomach. It is a mixture of food particles, gastric juice and saliva. Some particles and water are absorbed in the stomach.

22
Q

What is the primary role of the pancreas?

A

The pancreas secretes a digestive fluid called pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes which digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids.

23
Q

Pancreatic juice effects the pH of intestinal contents. How does it do this?

A

Pancreatic juice contains a high bicarbonate ion concentration which helps to neutralise acidic chyme and therefore causes intestinal contents to be alkaline.

24
Q

Which two hormones stimulate the realise of pancreatic juice?

A
  1. Secretin stimulates the realise of pancreatic juice with a high bicarbonate ion concentration.
  2. Cholecystokinin stimulates the realise of pancreatic juice with a high concentration of digestive enzymes.
25
Q

Name the enzymes that digest:

  1. Fats
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Proteins
A
  1. Pancreatic lipase
  2. Pancreatic amylase
  3. Trypsin and chemotrypsin
26
Q

What is the name of the livers functional units?

A

Hepatic lobules.

27
Q

Give 5 functions of the liver.

A
  1. Metabolises carbohydrates, fats and proteins
  2. Stores substances
  3. Filters blood
  4. Destroys toxins
  5. Produces bile
28
Q

By which process does the liver removes damaged cells and other foreign particles?

A

Phagocytosis.

29
Q

What 5 substances make up the composition of bile?

A

Water, bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, biliverdin and electrolytes.

30
Q

Where in the digestive system is bile stored?

A

In the gallbladder

31
Q

Which hormone regulates the realise of bile into the small intestine?

A

Cholecystokinin.

32
Q

What is the primary function of bile salts?

A

To emulsify fats and aid in the digestion of fatty acids, cholesterol and vitamins.

33
Q

What does the small intestine receive?

A

Chyme from the stomach, pancreatic fluid from the pancreas and bile from the liver/gallbladder.

34
Q

What are the four main functions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Receives products from stomach, pancreas and liver
  2. Complete nutrient digestion
  3. Absorb the products of digestion
  4. Transport residues to the large intestine
35
Q

What three parts make up the small intestine?

A

The duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

36
Q

Why is the wall of the small intestine lined with villi and microvilli?

A

Villi and microvilli greatly increase the surface area of the small intestine. They also aid in mixing and the absorption of nutrients.

37
Q

What does the small intestine secrete? Why?

A

Digestive enzymes- to split molecules of sugars, fats, and proteins into simpler forms
Mucous- brings digestive products towards the villi to absorb

38
Q

What is the function of a lacteal within the small intestine?

A

Lacteals carry away absorbed nutrients.

39
Q

Which muscle control movements of substances from the small to the large intestine?

A

The ileocecal sphincter

40
Q

Which four structures make up the large intestine?

A

The colon, cecum, rectum and anal canal.

41
Q

What four sections can we separate the colon into?

A

Ascending, descending, transverse and sigmoid.

42
Q

What are the three functions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Secretes mucous for lubrication
  2. Absorbs water and electrolytes
  3. Forms and stores faeces
43
Q

What six things make up faeces?

A
  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Undigested materials
  4. Mucous
  5. Shed intestinal cells
  6. Bacteria
44
Q

Which muscle realises faeces from the large intestine?

A

The anal sphincter.

Foundations Of Biology (16 decks)

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