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Foundations Of Biology > Past Paper Questions > Flashcards

Past Paper Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which cell organelle is a major site of ATP synthesis?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

What occurs in the gastrointestinal system as a result of progesterone and relaxin hormonal effects?

A

Constipation

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3
Q

Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in…?

A

Haploid cells

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4
Q

Where is the partial pressures of CO2 and O2 greatest?

A

CO2 - in the blood

O2 - in the lungs

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5
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is…?

A

Lactic acid

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6
Q

The sodium potassium pump functions to pump….?

A

3 sodium ions out of the cell

2 potassium ions into the cell

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7
Q

The T wave on a ECG represents…?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires?

A

Carrier proteins

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9
Q

What is the term used to describe the period of time following stimulation of a neurone when no further response is possible?

A

Refractory

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10
Q

What is the AP diameter at the brim of the pelvis?

A

11cm

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11
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of the second line inflammatory response?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain.

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12
Q

Which three bones of the pelvis fuse together to form the innominate bones?

A

Ileum, pubis and ischium

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13
Q

What is the transverse diameter of the brim of the pelvis?

A

13cm

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14
Q

What is the anteroposterior diameter of the obstetric outlet of the pelvis?

A

13cm

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15
Q

Which two sutures meet to form the posterior fontanelle?

A

Lambdoidal and Sagittal sutures

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16
Q

Cephalohaematoma describes bleeding in the fetal skull between which two layers?

A

Periosteum and the fetal skull bone

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17
Q

Name the three membranous coverings of the brain?

A

Dura mater, Pia mater and arachnoid mater

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18
Q

What is the other name for the bregma of the fetal skull?

A

Anterior fontanelle

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19
Q

The axial skeleton consists of three parts, what are they?

A

Skull, vertebral column and the thorax

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20
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of 4 main parts. What are they?

A

Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs and lower limbs

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21
Q

What are the two main muscle proteins?

A

Actin and myosin

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22
Q

What is the name for the basic muscle unit?

A

Sarcomere

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23
Q

Which gland realises prolactin?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

Which gland realises oxytocin?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

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25
Prolactin levels are highest at...?
Nighttime
26
The oxytocin reflex is also known as...?
The let down reflex
27
If milk is not removed from the breasts, there is a build up of...?
FIL which prevents further milk production
28
What is the name given to the area of female external genitalia that includes the bartholins glands, urethral meats and vaginal introitus?
Vestibule
29
The vagina has a pH of 4.5, what purpose does this serve?
The acidic environment kills bacteria to protect against infection.
30
What is the name given to the folds of squamous epithelium which form the inner layer of the vaginal wall?
Rugae
31
Name the three layers of the uterus?
Perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium
32
A mature follicle within the ovary exhibits a fluid filled space. What is this space called?
The Antrum
33
During ovulation, the oocyte is realised from the mature follicle, some of the surrounding granulosa cells adhere to the realised oocyte. What is this layer of cells referred to as?
The corona radiata.
34
The ovarian cycle can be divided into two phases. What are they called?
Follicular and luteal
35
Ovulation is triggered by the actions of gonadotrophon realising hormone being realised from the hypothalamus and acting upon the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate which two hormones?
Luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
36
The corpus luteum is a transient endocrine gland. Which hormone does it produce?
Progesterone
37
Which hormone exerts the effect of thickening the endometrial lining?
Oestrogen
38
How many days after ovulation does implantation occour?
7 days
39
The endometrial cycle is described in three phases. What are these phases called?
The menstrual, prolifeative and secretory
40
What is the process by which somatic cells replicate?
Mitosis
41
What is the process by which chromosome reduction occurs in order to produce gametes?
Meiosis
42
How many chromosomes are in a diploid cell?
46
43
How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell?
23
44
The kidneys are composed of three regions. What are these regions called?
The renal pelvis, renal medulla and renal cortex
45
The glomerular capillary is covered by specialised cells which have foot processes which create gaps to allow filtration. What is the name of these cells?
Pododcytes
46
Urine is a clear liquid containing many constituents, one of which is urea. Urea is the product breakdown of which substance?
Amino acids
47
Which part of the nephron is the most active in tubular reabsorption?
The proximal convoluted tubule
48
Which hormone alters the permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney to regulate the amount of water within the body?
Anti diuretic hormone
49
What enzyme does the kidney produce in reaction to a fall in blood volume or pressure?
Renin
50
Each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots. What are the names of these roots?
The dorsal and ventral roots.
51
The central nervous system controls the body through two types of pathway, somatic and autonomic. What is the main difference between these two pathways?
Somatic is voluntary whereas autonomic is involuntary
52
Th skin surface can be mapped into distinct regions called ......? That are supplied by a single nerve.
Dermatomes
53
Myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is formed by...?
Schwann cells
53
Myelin in the central nervous system is formed by?
Olygodendrocytes
53
In cellular respiration, glucose is converted into...? (Three things).
Carbon dioxide, water and energy.
53
What day in the menstrual cycle is ovulation likely to occur?
Day 14
53
What is the name given to the endometrium once a fertilised ovum has embedded into it?
The decidua
54
Which hormone in the menstrual cycle is produced in the hypothalamus?
Gonadotrophin realising hormone
55
Name the 3 superficial perineal muscles
1. Ischiocavernosus 2. Transverse perineal 3. Bulbocavernosus
56
Name the 3 deep perineal muscles
1. Pubococcygeus 2. Iliococcygeus 3. Ischiococcygeus
57
What is the purpose of myelination of a neurone?
Myelinated neurons transmit signals much faster than non myelinated neurons.
58
Which four bones make up the pelvis?
Right innominate bone, left innominate bone, sacrum and coccyx.
59
Name 4 features of a female gynaecoid pelvis.
Rounded brim, blunt ischial spines, 90 degree pubic angle, shallow cavity.
60
Name three functions of the pelvis.
1. Attaches the owner limbs 2. Supports the pelvic and abdominal organs 3. Supports and balances our body weight as we walk
61
Name the four types of pelvis.
1. Android 2. Anthropoid 3. Gynaecoid 4. Plattypeloid
62
Give four functions of the pelvic floor muscles.
1. To support the abdominal and pelvic organs 2. To maintain intro-abdominal pressure 3. To provide voluntary control of urination and defaecation 4. Facilitates the movements of the foetus through the birth canal
63
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that promotes cellular water loss.
64
Name four functions of the placenta.
1. Obtains nutrients and oxygen for the embryo 2. Disposes of waste products from the embryo (CO2, urea etc) 3. Immunological role: prevents foetal rejection 4. Endocrine hormonal function to promote growth
65
What structure allows for gaseous exchange within the lungs?
Alveoli
66
How long is the average menstrual cycle?
28 days

Foundations Of Biology (16 decks)

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