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Foundations Of Biology > Past Paper Questions > Flashcards

Past Paper Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Which cell organelle is a major site of ATP synthesis?

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

What occurs in the gastrointestinal system as a result of progesterone and relaxin hormonal effects?

A

Constipation

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3
Q

Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in…?

A

Haploid cells

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4
Q

Where is the partial pressures of CO2 and O2 greatest?

A

CO2 - in the blood

O2 - in the lungs

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5
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is…?

A

Lactic acid

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6
Q

The sodium potassium pump functions to pump….?

A

3 sodium ions out of the cell

2 potassium ions into the cell

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7
Q

The T wave on a ECG represents…?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires?

A

Carrier proteins

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9
Q

What is the term used to describe the period of time following stimulation of a neurone when no further response is possible?

A

Refractory

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10
Q

What is the AP diameter at the brim of the pelvis?

A

11cm

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11
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of the second line inflammatory response?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain.

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12
Q

Which three bones of the pelvis fuse together to form the innominate bones?

A

Ileum, pubis and ischium

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13
Q

What is the transverse diameter of the brim of the pelvis?

A

13cm

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14
Q

What is the anteroposterior diameter of the obstetric outlet of the pelvis?

A

13cm

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15
Q

Which two sutures meet to form the posterior fontanelle?

A

Lambdoidal and Sagittal sutures

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16
Q

Cephalohaematoma describes bleeding in the fetal skull between which two layers?

A

Periosteum and the fetal skull bone

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17
Q

Name the three membranous coverings of the brain?

A

Dura mater, Pia mater and arachnoid mater

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18
Q

What is the other name for the bregma of the fetal skull?

A

Anterior fontanelle

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19
Q

The axial skeleton consists of three parts, what are they?

A

Skull, vertebral column and the thorax

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20
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of 4 main parts. What are they?

A

Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper limbs and lower limbs

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21
Q

What are the two main muscle proteins?

A

Actin and myosin

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22
Q

What is the name for the basic muscle unit?

A

Sarcomere

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23
Q

Which gland realises prolactin?

A

The anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

Which gland realises oxytocin?

A

The posterior pituitary gland

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25
Q

Prolactin levels are highest at…?

A

Nighttime

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26
Q

The oxytocin reflex is also known as…?

A

The let down reflex

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27
Q

If milk is not removed from the breasts, there is a build up of…?

A

FIL which prevents further milk production

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28
Q

What is the name given to the area of female external genitalia that includes the bartholins glands, urethral meats and vaginal introitus?

A

Vestibule

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29
Q

The vagina has a pH of 4.5, what purpose does this serve?

A

The acidic environment kills bacteria to protect against infection.

30
Q

What is the name given to the folds of squamous epithelium which form the inner layer of the vaginal wall?

A

Rugae

31
Q

Name the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium

32
Q

A mature follicle within the ovary exhibits a fluid filled space. What is this space called?

A

The Antrum

33
Q

During ovulation, the oocyte is realised from the mature follicle, some of the surrounding granulosa cells adhere to the realised oocyte. What is this layer of cells referred to as?

A

The corona radiata.

34
Q

The ovarian cycle can be divided into two phases. What are they called?

A

Follicular and luteal

35
Q

Ovulation is triggered by the actions of gonadotrophon realising hormone being realised from the hypothalamus and acting upon the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate which two hormones?

A

Luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

36
Q

The corpus luteum is a transient endocrine gland. Which hormone does it produce?

A

Progesterone

37
Q

Which hormone exerts the effect of thickening the endometrial lining?

A

Oestrogen

38
Q

How many days after ovulation does implantation occour?

A

7 days

39
Q

The endometrial cycle is described in three phases. What are these phases called?

A

The menstrual, prolifeative and secretory

40
Q

What is the process by which somatic cells replicate?

A

Mitosis

41
Q

What is the process by which chromosome reduction occurs in order to produce gametes?

A

Meiosis

42
Q

How many chromosomes are in a diploid cell?

A

46

43
Q

How many chromosomes are in a haploid cell?

A

23

44
Q

The kidneys are composed of three regions. What are these regions called?

A

The renal pelvis, renal medulla and renal cortex

45
Q

The glomerular capillary is covered by specialised cells which have foot processes which create gaps to allow filtration. What is the name of these cells?

A

Pododcytes

46
Q

Urine is a clear liquid containing many constituents, one of which is urea. Urea is the product breakdown of which substance?

A

Amino acids

47
Q

Which part of the nephron is the most active in tubular reabsorption?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

48
Q

Which hormone alters the permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney to regulate the amount of water within the body?

A

Anti diuretic hormone

49
Q

What enzyme does the kidney produce in reaction to a fall in blood volume or pressure?

A

Renin

50
Q

Each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots. What are the names of these roots?

A

The dorsal and ventral roots.

51
Q

The central nervous system controls the body through two types of pathway, somatic and autonomic. What is the main difference between these two pathways?

A

Somatic is voluntary whereas autonomic is involuntary

52
Q

Th skin surface can be mapped into distinct regions called ……? That are supplied by a single nerve.

A

Dermatomes

53
Q

Myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system is formed by…?

A

Schwann cells

53
Q

Myelin in the central nervous system is formed by?

A

Olygodendrocytes

53
Q

In cellular respiration, glucose is converted into…? (Three things).

A

Carbon dioxide, water and energy.

53
Q

What day in the menstrual cycle is ovulation likely to occur?

A

Day 14

53
Q

What is the name given to the endometrium once a fertilised ovum has embedded into it?

A

The decidua

54
Q

Which hormone in the menstrual cycle is produced in the hypothalamus?

A

Gonadotrophin realising hormone

55
Q

Name the 3 superficial perineal muscles

A
  1. Ischiocavernosus
  2. Transverse perineal
  3. Bulbocavernosus
56
Q

Name the 3 deep perineal muscles

A
  1. Pubococcygeus
  2. Iliococcygeus
  3. Ischiococcygeus
57
Q

What is the purpose of myelination of a neurone?

A

Myelinated neurons transmit signals much faster than non myelinated neurons.

58
Q

Which four bones make up the pelvis?

A

Right innominate bone, left innominate bone, sacrum and coccyx.

59
Q

Name 4 features of a female gynaecoid pelvis.

A

Rounded brim, blunt ischial spines, 90 degree pubic angle, shallow cavity.

60
Q

Name three functions of the pelvis.

A
  1. Attaches the owner limbs
  2. Supports the pelvic and abdominal organs
  3. Supports and balances our body weight as we walk
61
Q

Name the four types of pelvis.

A
  1. Android
  2. Anthropoid
  3. Gynaecoid
  4. Plattypeloid
62
Q

Give four functions of the pelvic floor muscles.

A
  1. To support the abdominal and pelvic organs
  2. To maintain intro-abdominal pressure
  3. To provide voluntary control of urination and defaecation
  4. Facilitates the movements of the foetus through the birth canal
63
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that promotes cellular water loss.

64
Q

Name four functions of the placenta.

A
  1. Obtains nutrients and oxygen for the embryo
  2. Disposes of waste products from the embryo (CO2, urea etc)
  3. Immunological role: prevents foetal rejection
  4. Endocrine hormonal function to promote growth
65
Q

What structure allows for gaseous exchange within the lungs?

A

Alveoli

66
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

Foundations Of Biology (16 decks)

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