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Foundations Of Biology > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Give three functions of blood within the human body.

A
  • transports products throughout the body (e.g. Oxygen, waste products, hormones, nutrients)
  • maintains and distributes heat
  • provides a link between bodies internal and external environments
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2
Q

What three formed elements is the blood composed of?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
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3
Q

What 4 elements is plasma made up of?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Waste products
  3. Proteins
  4. Gases
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4
Q

What percentage of the blood is made up of formed elements?

A

45%

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5
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

Do they contain a nucleus or any mitochondria?

A

Red blood cells are a biconcave shape and are adapted to carry gases and haemoglobin. They do not contain a nucleus and therefore cannot synthesise protein or divide. This provides more space for haemoglobin. They also do not contain any mitochondria and therefore do not use up any of the oxygen which they carry within them.

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6
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

They are produced by stem cells within the bodies bone marrow. Red blood cell production is called haematopiosis. There production is stimulated by a hormone called erythropoietin.

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7
Q

How long do red blood cells last?

A

RBC’s circulate within the body for around 120 days.

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8
Q

What are the two waste products from broken down haemoglobin? Where do they go once broken down?

A

Bilirubin and Biliverdin. They are secreted into the bile, which then makes its way to the small intestine.

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9
Q

What is the formal name for a white blood cell?

A

Leukocyte.

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10
Q

What is the primary function of a white blood cell?

A

To protect the body against disease as well as fight diseases which are already present.

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11
Q

Where are white blood cells produced?

A

They are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow.

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12
Q

There are two categories of hormones which stimulate white blood cell production. What are they called?

A
  1. Interleukins

2. Colony stimulating factors

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13
Q

What are the two categories of white blood cell called and what is the difference between them?

A
  1. Granulocytes (contain cytoplasmic granules)

2. Agranulocytes (do not contain cytoplasmic granules)

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14
Q

What are the two methods used by white blood cells to fight infection?

A

By Phagocytosis and by producing relevant antibodies.

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15
Q

What would be a primary indicator of an infection when studying a blood sample?

A

An increased white blood cell count.

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16
Q

Where are platelets produced and what is their primary function?

A

They are produced within the bone marrow and help to repair damaged blood vessels by clotting the blood.

17
Q

What three types of white blood cells fall into the granulocyte category?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.

18
Q

What two types of white blood cell fall into the agranulocyte category?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes.

19
Q

Which type of white blood cell produces antibodies?

A

A lymphocyte.

20
Q

Which two types of white blood cell phagocytise particles?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes.

21
Q

Which type of white blood cell produces both histamine and heparin?

A

Basophils.

22
Q

Which type of white blood cell moderates allergic reactions and kills parasites?

A

Eosinophils.

23
Q

What is the primary function of a red blood cell?

A

To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

24
Q

What three processes make up haemostatis?

A

Blood vessel spasm
Platelet plug formation
Clotting mechanism

25
Q

Which four proteins are activated by the prothrombin activator?

A

Prothrombin leading to thrombin

Fibrogen leading to fibrin

26
Q

Which is the universal donor blood group

A

O negative

27
Q

Which is the universal recipient blood group?

A

AB positive

28
Q

What makes a blood type rhesus positive?

A

The presence of a Rhesus factor surface protein on red blood cells

Foundations Of Biology (16 decks)

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