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PHGY1030 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the GI system?

A
  1. propulsion
  2. Secretion
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Barrier Function
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2
Q

what are the accessory organs of the GI system?

A
  1. pancreas
  2. gall bladder
  3. Liver
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3
Q

What are the 7 sphincters?

A
  1. upper esophageal
  2. lower esophageal
  3. pyloric
  4. ileocecal
  5. colorectal
  6. internal anal
    7 external anal (voluntary)
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4
Q

name the major tissue layers from inside to outside of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. musclaris
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5
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

In the myenteric plexus which is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscle layer

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6
Q

what causes depolarization in the GI system?

A
  1. stretch
  2. acetylcholine
  3. parasmypathetics
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7
Q

what causes depolarization in the GI system?

A
  1. stretch
  2. acetylcholine
  3. parasympathetics
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8
Q

what causes hyper polarization in the GI system?

A
  1. sympathetics

2. NE

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9
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

located between the circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscle layer

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10
Q

what comprises the internal nerve plexus (enteric nervous system)?

A
  1. submucosal plexus

2. myenteric plexus

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11
Q

what are the extrinsic nerves?

A

originate outside the digestive tract and innervate the various digestive organs

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12
Q

what causes hyper polarization in the GI system?

A
  1. sympathetics

2. NE (released by sympathetic NS)

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13
Q

what does the PNS release in the GI system?

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

what does the SNS release in the GI system?

A

NE

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15
Q

which reflexes proximal to distal or distal to proximal overrides the other ?

A

distal to proximal reflexes overide proximal to distal.

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16
Q

what do prokinetic agents do?

A

they increase motility

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17
Q

what are some pro kinetic agents?

A
  1. serotonin agonist

2. dopamine antagonist

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18
Q

where does codeine bind? What does it cause ?

A

binds to opioid receptors which increases SNS and NE and causes constipation

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19
Q

what nerve plexus controls fluid secretion?

A

submucosal plexus (local control)

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20
Q

what are the 4 functions of saliva

A
  1. moistening
  2. lubrication
  3. defence
  4. digestion
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21
Q

How does the saliva function in defence?

A
  1. lysozyme

2. IgA

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22
Q

what kind of digestion occurs with saliva

A

carbohydrate digestion only

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23
Q

how much saliva is released everyday?

A

1.5 L

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24
Q

does parasympathetic stimulation promote salivation?

A

yes. Sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation

25
Q

what are the function of gastric acid secretion?

A
  1. bacteriocidal role: low pH

2. digestion of protein

26
Q

what are the function of gastric acid secretion?

A
  1. bacteriocidal role: low pH
  2. digestion of protein by acid hydrolysis and denaturation
  3. digestion of bone
27
Q

what is a secretagogue?

A

helps stimulate acid secretion

  1. Ach
  2. Gastrin
  3. Histamine
28
Q

What does PGE2 do to secretion?

A

prostaglandin E2 is an anti-secretagogue and shuts down acid secretion

29
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen which is a proenzyme that breaks down proteins

30
Q

what is intrinsic factor and what cell secretes this?

A
  • escorts vit B12 through the intestine to where it is going to be absorbed. It is secreted by the parietal cells
31
Q

is there a difference in the mucous that is secreted by neck goblet cells and surface goblet cells?

A

yes. surface cells secrete alkaline mucus (protects against acid and abrasion) and neck cells secretes thin mucus for lubrication

32
Q

what is the importance of the minor digestive enzymes?

A

they aid in digestion in the stomach before entering the duodenum. Once they enter the duodenum they become denatured because of the pH change to alkaline

33
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

when we THINK about eating. Vagal nerve to the ENS stimulates the parietal cells, G cells and ECL cells.

34
Q

What does the GI system do in response to very low pH?

A

negative feedback by secretion of somatostatin by D-cells which inhibit HCL secretion

35
Q

What is the gastric phase?

A

when food is present in the stomach and we actually eat

36
Q

what is the intestinal phase?

A

when the signal is coming from the intestine instead of the mind or the stomac

37
Q

what is the intestinal phase?

A

when the signal is coming from the intestine instead of the mind or the stomach. This phase is inhibitory

38
Q

what does secretin do?

A

inhibits gastric function

39
Q

what does secretin do?

A

inhibits gastric function to reduce gastric juice production/secretion. Acts directly on the parietal and chief cells to inhibit

40
Q

what are the inhibitory hormones of the intestinal phase?

A
  1. secretion
  2. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
  3. CCK
41
Q

what are the inhibitory hormones of the intestinal phase?

A
  1. secretin
  2. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
  3. CCK
42
Q

What are the 2 therapeutic targets to prevent acid secretion?

A
  1. H2 blockers

2. proton pump inhibitors

43
Q

What is the difference between COX 1 and Cox 2?

A

cox 1 secretes prostaglandins in low concentrations to regulate gastric secretions and cox 2 is always turned off unless induced (ex. injury) and secretes buckets of prostaglandins which is pro inflammatory

44
Q

What are the different types of NSAIDS?

A
  1. cox 1 inhibitors
  2. cox 2 inhibitors
  3. modified NSAIDS with NO
45
Q

Explain the mechanism by which Advil increases acid production

A
  1. cox 1 and 2 inhibitor so inhibits prostaglandin secretion
  2. PGE2 needed to inhibit histamine pump
    3.
46
Q

Explain the mechanism by which Advil increases acid production

A
  1. cox 1 and 2 inhibitor so inhibits prostaglandin secretion
  2. PGE2 needed to inhibit histamine pump
  3. PEG2 is not there so histamine activates adenylate cyclase to full effect and H is released
  4. this results in more acid production
47
Q

What are the different types of NSAIDS?

A
  1. cox 1 inhibitors
  2. cox 2 inhibitors
  3. modified NSAIDS with NO (CINODS)
48
Q

In CINODS, what does the NO do?

A

causes vasodilation in the stomach which is a protective effect

49
Q

what stimulates the secretion of secretin in the duodenum?

A

acidic chyme. Secretin then causes the increase in aqueous secretion

50
Q

what stimulates CCK release in the duodenum?

A

fatty acids.

51
Q

what are the functions of bile?

A
  1. neutralization (bicarbonate)

2. emulsification (bile salts)

52
Q

what stimulates bile release?

A
  1. parasympathetic Ach
  2. CCK upon presence of fatty acids in duodenum
  3. Secretin
53
Q

where are paneth cells found?

A

at the bottom of crypts

54
Q

where are paneth cells found? what do they do?

A

at the bottom of crypts in the small intestine. They have antimicrobial properties

55
Q

what stimulates small intestine intestinal secretion to be produced?

A
  1. distention (primary)
  2. CCK and Secretin
  3. secretagogues (inflammation and infection)
56
Q

why is cholera significant?

A

found in contaminated food or water and can cause severe gastroenteritis

57
Q

why is cholera significant?

A

found in contaminated food or water and can cause severe gastroenteritis. Causes increased Cl- secretion by means of A and B subunits in which A enters membrane and activates cAMP to secrete Cl

58
Q

why is cholera significant?

A

found in contaminated food or water and can cause severe gastroenteritis. Causes increased Cl- secretion by means of A and B subunits in which A enters membrane and activates cAMP to secrete Cl. This causes increased Na and water secretion

PHGY1030 (18 decks)

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