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PHGY1030 > Endocrine - Hypothalamus & Pituitary > Flashcards

Endocrine - Hypothalamus & Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. vasopressin (ADH, antidiuretic hormone)

2. oxytocin

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2
Q

Why is vasopressin released?

A

to conserve body water and regulate osmotic pressure of body fluids

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3
Q

How does the body know to release vasopressin?

A

dehydration leads to an increase in osmolarity which activates osmoreceptors in the brain and vasopressin secretion

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4
Q

What is the target organ of vasopressin?

A

kidney cells, specifically distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts via cell surface receptors and cAMP formation; enhances water permeability and reabsorption

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5
Q

what happens when you are deficient in ADH?

A

central diabetes insipidus - inability to retain water, excess thirst, frequent urination

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6
Q

What drug can you use to treat deficient ADH?

A
  1. clofibrate - increase ADH secretion
  2. chlorpropamide - increase kidney response to ADH
  3. diuretics
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7
Q

what happens when there is an excess of ADH?

A
  • water retention
  • headache
  • drowsiness
  • nausea
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8
Q

what drugs can you use to treat Excess ADH?

A
  1. Butorphanol - decrease ADH secretion

2. demechlocycline - reduce kidney response to ADH

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9
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A
  • stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle cells: mammary glands and uterus.
  • suckling reflex when nursing stimulates oxytocin release
  • released during labour to stimulate rhythmic uterine contractions
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10
Q

The release of growth hormone is stimulated by

A
  • GHRH
  • hypoglycemia
  • exercise
  • certain amino acids
  • sleep
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11
Q

the release of growth hormone is inhibited by

A
  • somatostatin
  • IGF-1 (-ve feedback)
  • hyperglycemia
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12
Q

What are the effects of growth hormone?

A
  • stimulates release of IGF-1 from the liver and increases lipolysis, protein sun these and epiphyseal (bone) growth
  • also decreases insulin sensitivity and decreases glucose uptake
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13
Q

what conditions could occur when there is a somatotrope tumor that causes an excess of GH?

A
  1. gigantism (early in life)

2. acromegaly (GH excess after body has stopped growing)

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14
Q

what are ways to treat conditions caused by increased/excess GH?

A
  1. tumor removal
  2. SS analogs
  3. GH receptor antagonist
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15
Q

laron dwarfism

A

abnormal Gh receptors that are unresponsive to hormone. Symptoms resemble those of severe GH deficiency even though GH levels in the blood are high

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16
Q

what can cause deficiency in GH?

A
  • GHRH deficiency

- pituitary lesions (tumor, infection, defects)

17
Q

what does release of prolactin do?

A
  • promotes growth & function of mammary gland-milk production
  • increased maternal behaviour
  • inhibits gonadotropin secretion
18
Q

how is prolactin controlled?

A

inhibited by hypothalamic dopamine

19
Q

what stimulates prolactin release?

A
  • oxytocin
  • TRH
  • VIP
  • estrogen
20
Q

the suckling reflex stimulates what?

A
  • release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary

- decrease of dopamine in hypothalamus resulting in prolactin release from anterior pituitary

21
Q

galactorhhea

A

inappropriate milk production due to excess prolactin release

22
Q

what can cause excess prolactin release ?

A
  1. stress
  2. dopamine receptor blockers (from psychiatric medications)
  3. hyperprolactinemia- caused by adenomas and lactotropes
23
Q

what happens in males when there is an excess of prolactin?

A
  • impotence
  • decreased sperm count
  • infertility
24
Q

how can excess prolactin release be treated?

A

dopamine agonists which suppress prolactin secretion and shrink prolactinomas

25
Q

what is the action of LH?

A

stimulates estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

26
Q

What is the action of FSH?

A

stimulates ovarian follicles and sperms

27
Q

what hormones stimulate FSH and LH release?

A
  • GnRH

- estrogen (high level)

28
Q

what hormones inhibit FSH and LH release?

A
  • inhibin (from gonads)
  • estrogen (low level)
  • progesterone
  • testosterone

PHGY1030 (18 decks)

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