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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the digestive system:

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion: 2 types: mechanical/chemical
  3. Absorption
  4. Compaction
  5. Defecation
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2
Q

Ingestion:

A

intake of food

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3
Q

Mechanical digestion:

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

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4
Q

Chemical digestion:

A

hydrolysis reactions that break down monomers. This is done by enzymes from salivary gland, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Starch -> Disaccharides.
Uses the enzyme amylase found in the salivary gland/pancreas.
The 3 disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, and lactose

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6
Q

Monosaccharides:

A

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose.

The wall of the small intestine breaks down maltase, sucrase, and lactase to form the monosaccharides.

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7
Q

Proteins:

A

protein-> large polypeptide -> peptides -> amino acids.

Pepsin is found in the stomach and is what converts proteins. Stored in an inactive form.

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8
Q

Inactive form of Pepsin?

A

pepsinogen

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9
Q

Trypson

A

Enzyme found in small intestine.

The inactive form is trypsinogen that is activated by enteropeptidase.

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10
Q

Triglycerides (Fats)

A

Enzyme used- lipase found in pancreas.

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11
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA & RNA -> nucleotides -> pentose sugar, nitrogen bases, phosphate ions

Enzymes used: nucleases

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12
Q

Absorption:

A

uptake of nutrients. This is done in small intestine

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13
Q

Compaction:

A

absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces.

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14
Q

Defecation:

A

elimination of feces, usually at anus.

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15
Q

Digestive Tract:

A

30 FT long muscular tube from mouth to anus.

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16
Q

Accessary Organs:

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver gallbladder, and pancreas

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17
Q

GI tract:

A

stomach and intestines

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18
Q

Layers of digestive tract:

A

Mucosa- inside layer
Submucosa - thicker layer under mucosa
Muscularis externa - 2 layers smooth muscle, has sphincter and is responsible for motility.
Serosa - outside. composed of areolar tissue (if not present you have adventitia)

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19
Q

What is the name of the nervous system that controls your digestive tract?

A

Enteric Nervous System

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20
Q

What are the two plexus of the Enteric nervous system?

A

Submucosa (Meissner) plexus and Muscularis externa (myenteric) plexus

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21
Q

Submucosa (Meissner) plexus:

A

controls glandular secretion in mucosa and the movement of muscularis mucosa

22
Q

Muscularis externa (myenteric) plexus:

A

controls peristalsis and other contractions

23
Q

Mesenteries:

A

connective sheets that hold abdominal viscera in place bit allow movement.
4 kinds:
lesser omentum- extends from lesser curvature of stomach to liver
greater omentum- hangs from greater curvature of the stomach
mesentary- anchors small intestine to posterior wall
mesocolon- anchors colon to abdominal wall

24
Q

Retroperitoneal:

A

outside/behind peritoneal cavity.

25
Q

The hormones apart of digestive tract:

A

Gastrin, CCK, secretin

26
Q

Gross anatomy from mouth through the esophagus:

A

Oral cavity has stratified squamous tissue. The tongue, palate (hard and soft), teeth, pharynx, and esophagus.

27
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A

mostly water
salivary amylase - begins starch digestion
lingual lipase- activated by stomach acid
mucus- binds and lubricates food
lysozyme- kills bacteria
immunoglobulin A (IgA) - antibody that inhibits bacterial growth
electrolytes- Na+, K+, Cl-

28
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

29
Q

What is the neural control of salivation?

A

Parasympathetic stimulate glands to produce thin saliva via ingestion of food or the sight, smell, taste, or thought of it.

Sympathetic - stimulates to produce thicker saliva. This is done via swallowing food causing bolus.

30
Q

What is the neural control of swallowing?

A

oral phase- voluntary, pharyngeal- involuntary, esophageal- involuntary

31
Q

What are molars and premolars?

A

teeth in back used for crushing, shredding, and grinding.

32
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

7

33
Q

What is deglutation?

A

swallowing

controlled by medulla

34
Q

The anatomy of the stomach:

A

3 layers of smooth muscle: simple columnar epithelium,
fundus
pyloric sphincter
greater/lesser curvature

35
Q

What is the function of mucus cells?

A

secrete thick mucus for digestion

36
Q

What is the function of regenerative (stem) cells?

A

constantly supply with new cells

37
Q

What is the function of parietal cells?

A

secrete HCl and a hunger hormone called gherlin.

38
Q

What is the function if chief cells?

A

secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen

39
Q

what is the function of enteroendocrine cells?

A

secrete hormones (gastrin)

40
Q

What is gastric juice made up of?

A

mainly water, HCl, and pepsin

41
Q

What are the secretions of the stomach and their functions?

A

HCl- activates pepsin and lingual lipase
Intrinsic Factor- in small intestine for B12 absorption
Pepsinogen- converts pepsinogen into pepsin with HCl
Gastric Lipase- minor role in digesting fats
Gastrin- stimulates gastric secretions and stomach muscle contractions.

42
Q

How does the stomach produce pepsin?

A

HCl is added to pepsinogen and then produces pepsin

43
Q

Describe the cephalic phase:

A

the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food
goes to hypothalamus
goes to medulla
to Vegas nerve
stomach starts secreting juices and contracting

44
Q

Describe the gastric phase:

A

in the stomach

gastrin and histamine are secreted

45
Q

Describe the intestinal phase:

A

triggered by duodenum

releases CCK & Secretin (inhibit)

46
Q

What does CCK do?

A

stimulate enzyme-rich pancreatic juice
stimulates contraction of gallbladder
inhibits stomach

47
Q

What does secretin do?

A

stimulates secretin to secrete bicarbonate-rich juice
stimulates liver to produce bile
inhibits stomach

48
Q

Why does diarrhea occur?

A

Too little water is absorbed by large intestine.

49
Q

When does constipation occur?

A

when too much water is absorbed in large intestine

50
Q

What is defecation?

A

pooping

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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