Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
What are the major fluid compartments?
65% intracellular
35% extracellular (25% interstitial, 8% blood plasma, 2% catch all fluids)
Continually changing through osmosis. Moving from high to low.
What is the body’s sources of water?
the ingestions of foods and fluids
What are the mechanisms of regulating water intake and output?
Thirst from hypothalamus.
Dehydration and osmoreceptors. Thus releasing ADH causing slower output of water.
Aquaporins are synthesized on collecting ducts allowing for more absorption.
Disorders of fluid balance:
Volume Depletion (hypovolemia)- this occurs when when sodium and water are lost. Ex.. hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, and diarrhea.
Dehydration (negative fluid balance)-
lose more water than sodium, so ECF osmolarity goes up. Ex… lack of drinking water, diabetes mellitus/insipidus, and profuse sweating.
Disorders of fluid balance:
Volume Depletion (hypovolemia)- this occurs when when sodium and water are lost. Ex.. hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, and diarrhea.
Dehydration (negative fluid balance)-
lose more water than sodium, so ECF osmolarity goes up. Ex… lack of drinking water, diabetes mellitus/insipidus, and profuse sweating.
Volume excess- both Na+ and water are retained ECF remains isotonic Hypotonic hydration- more water than Na+ ECF become hypotonic (can cause edema)
What are the physiological roles of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate?
sodium - most important in ECF regulates: aldosterone, ANP, estrogen, progesterone, and glucocorticoids.
potassium - most important in ICF. Regulates: aldosterone. Most dangerous.
calcium - parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin
chloride-
phosphate- parathyroid hormone stimulates secretion.
Fluid sequestration:
excess fluid accumulates in a particular location.
State the term for an excess or deficiency of sodium, potassium, or calcium and describe the consequences of these imbalances.
sodium- Hypernatremia (more sodium in blood)
Hyponatremia (too little sodium in blood)
potassium- hyperkalemia (more excitable)-cardiac arrest, hypokalemia(less excitable) - tetanus, weakness
calcium- hypercalcemia - muscle weakness, depressed reflexes.
Hypocalcemia - tetany and laryngospasm
What is a buffer?
Something that keeps the pH from changing substantially.
What is the chemical equation for bicarbonate?
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+
What is the chemical equation for phosphate?
H2PO4- = HPO24- + H+
What is the chemical equation for protein buffer system?
COOH = H+ + COO-
Types of acidosis:
when pH is below 7.35.(H+ moves in)
hyperkalemia- CNS are depressed thus creating confusion.
Types of acidosis:
when pH is below 7.35.(H+ moves in)
hyperkalemia- CNS are depressed thus creating confusion.
Resp. acidosis- too much CO2. CO2 is accumulated in ECF.
Metabolic Acidosis- producing too much organic acids not enough CO2.
Type of alkalosis:
when pH is above 7.45 (H+ moves out+
hypokalemia- nerves are overstimulated, muscle spasms.
Resp. alkalosis- not enough CO2. Body is using more than what con be produced.
Metabolic alkalosis- overuse of bicarbonate. loss of stomach acid.
How does the resp. system compensate for acidosis/alkalosis?
changes pulmonary ventilation to correct to changes in pH.
Acidosis- breath faster, let out CO2
Alkalosis- breath slower, retain CO2
How does the urinary system compensate for acidosis/alkalosis?
changes rate of H+ secretion.
Acidosis- increase rate of H+
Alkalosis-decrease rate of H+
last for days.
2 type of acidosis:
RESP ACIDOSIS: (most common)
too much CO2
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS:
produce too much acid, not enough base
2 types of alkalosis:
RESP ALKALOSIS:
not enough CO2
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS:
not enough acid, too much base
How do you compensate for resp. acidosis?
kidneys secrete hydrogen and retain bicarbonate
How do you compensate for resp. alkalosis?
kidneys retain hydrogen and secrete bicarbonate (base)
How do you compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
resp. system hypoventilates to keep CO2
How do you compensate for metabolic acidosis?
resp. system hyperventilates to get rid of CO2
