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Science Y8 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

How much food do humans eat (on average) per day?

A

Humans eat between 1 - 2.7kg of food per day

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2
Q

How much food do humans eat (on average) over a lifetime?

A

Humans eat more than 28,800kg of food over a lifetime.

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3
Q

How many organs are in the digestive system?

A

10 organs.

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4
Q

How many specialised cells are in the digestive system?

A

Over 20 specialised cells.

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5
Q

How long does the digestive system last?

A

30 - 40 hours.

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6
Q

What does the gastrointestinal tract do?

A

It transports food.

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7
Q

What is the internal surface area of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

30 - 40 meters.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the pancreas, gallbladder and liver?

A

They break down food.

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9
Q

What do enzymes, hormones, nerves and blood do?

A

Break down food, modulate digestive process and deliver the final products.

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10
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A large stretch of tissue.

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11
Q

What is the mesentery’s purpose?

A

It supports and positions organs.

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12
Q

What is the function of the teeth in the digestive process?

A

They mechanically break down food.

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13
Q

What is the function of saliva in the digestive system?

A

Saliva carries enzymes.

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14
Q

What do the enzymes in saliva break down?

A

Starch.

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15
Q

Do enzymes complete chemical or mechanical digestion?

A

Chemical.

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16
Q

What are the functions of stomach acid?

A

It kills bacteria, and lowers the Ph for enzymes to survive.

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17
Q

Why are the walls of the stomach muscular?

A

To churn up food.

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18
Q

What happens in the small intestine?

A

Small, soluble molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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19
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Water is reabsorbed.

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20
Q

What is the liver’s function?

A

It produces bile to digest lipids.

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21
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

It produces several enzymes.

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22
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts.

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23
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

They speed up chemical reactions.

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24
Q

True or false: enzymes can bind to many types of substrates.

A

False

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25
Q

True or false: enzymes are not altered by the reactions they speed up.

A

True

26
Q

What does pepsin break down?

A

Proteins.

27
Q

What are proteins broken down into (by pepsin)?

A

Amino acids.

28
Q

What are lipids broken down by?

A

Lipase

29
Q

What does lipase break down lipids into?

A

Fatty acids

30
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

Carbohydrates

31
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into (by amylase)?

A

Small sugars

32
Q

What is the purpose of villi?

A

To absorb soluble substances to be passed into the bloodstream.

33
Q

What is the process of soluble substances being passed into the bloodstream called?

A

Diffusion

34
Q

Name 3 adaptations of villi:

A

Thin walls, large surface area, good blood supply.

35
Q

Why do villi have thin walls?

A

So that substances don’t have to travel far to get to blood.

36
Q

Why do villi have a large surface area?

A

To make absorption faster - more molecules can be absorbed at one time.

37
Q

Why do villi have good blood supply?

A

So that substances can be immediately transported to body cells.

38
Q

What is the first step of the digestive process?

A

The brain anticipates food, and sends an electrical impulse to make the salivary glands start to produce saliva.

39
Q

What happens after the salivary glands start to produce saliva?

A

Chewing combines saliva and food.

40
Q

What does chewing the saliva and food create?

A

A bolus.

41
Q

What is the name of the tube which the bolus is passed down?

A

The oesophagus.

42
Q

What is the name of the muscle contractions that moves food down the oesophagus?

A

Peristalsis.

43
Q

After the bolus is in the stomach, what happens next?

A

The stomach walls break it into chunks.

44
Q

What do the cells in the lining of the stomach secrete?

A

Hormones.

45
Q

What do the hormones (which the cells in the lining of the stomach secrete) trigger?

A

Acid and enzyme-rich juices are released from the stomach wall. They also alert the pancreas, liver and gallbladder to produce digestive juices and transfer bile.

46
Q

How long does it take for the bolus to become chyme?

A

3 hours

47
Q

What does the bolus become?

A

Chyme

48
Q

After the bolus becomes chyme, where does it go?

A

The small intestine

49
Q

The liver sends bile to the gallbladder, where is this secreted?

A

The first portion of the small intestine - the duodenum.

50
Q

What does bile dissolve (in chyme)?

A

fat.

51
Q

What is fat in chyme broken down into?

A

fatty acids and glycerol.

52
Q

What are the names of the lower regions of the small intestine?

A

The jejunum and ileum.

53
Q

What is another name for the large intestine?

A

The colon.

54
Q

What happens in the colon?

A

leftover fibre, water and dead cells are reabsorbed.

55
Q

Where does stool go after being in the large intestine?

A

the rectum.

56
Q

Where is stool egested from?

A

the anus.

57
Q

What is egestion?

A

The expulsion of undigested food via the anus.

58
Q

What do gut bacteria live off, in a diet?

A

Fibre

59
Q

What do gut bacteria do?

A

Assist in breaking down food molecules, produce some vitamins, break down harmful toxins.

60
Q

Give some examples of vitamins that gut bacteria produce.

A

Vitamin K and B12

61
Q

What can increase gut bacteria?

A

Probiotics

Science Y8 (15 decks)

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